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The dynamics of binational environmental regime formation in the North American Great Lakes basin.

机译：北美大湖流域双边环境政权形成的动力学。

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摘要

This study examines the development of water pollution management regimes by the United States and Canada in the Great Lakes basin. The analysis of three water pollution crises in the Great Lakes basin shows how jurisdictional differences between the two federal governments and the basin's state and provincial governments impede the formation and maintenance of pollution management regimes. For each crisis, the degree of public interest and the public framing of the problem are analyzed as independent variables that could potentially overcome the barriers to regime formation caused by federalism.;The 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty established a legally binding norm that neither country would pollute water crossing the boundary to the injury of the other, thus creating a weak binational water pollution regime. Three subsequent cases of transboundary water pollution moved Canada and the United States to consider strengthening the binational regime to limit the injury caused by the pollution. In each case, overlapping government jurisdictions in the basin impeded regime strengthening. States and provinces, which controlled resource development, could not legally enter into binding regimes. The two federal governments could legally commit to a stronger regime, but had limited means to assure state and provincial compliance. Further complicating pollution management in the basin, the costs and benefits of an enhanced regime could not be evenly distributed among the different basin governments.;In each crisis, the degree of public interest and the problem as framed by the public influenced government acceptance of potential regimes. Between 1910 and 1930, transboundary water pollution was framed as a public health problem that was characterized by persistent typhoid epidemics. Following World War II, water pollution was framed as an economic problem of balancing the use of the lakes as a sink for pollutants against the use of the lakes as a water source for municipalities and industries. By 1960, water pollution was framed as an environmental problem in which the mere presence of the pollution was intolerable to the public.;The historical analysis across the three cases reveals that in a federal system, all levels of government participate in regimes, with each government using regime institutions not only to address pollution, but to influence the behavior of the other level of government in its own domestic system.
机译：这项研究考察了美国和加拿大在大湖流域的水污染管理制度的发展。对大湖流域的三个水污染危机的分析表明，两个联邦政府之间以及流域的州和省政府之间的管辖权差异如何阻碍污染管理制度的形成和维持。对于每一次危机，公众利益的程度和问题的公共框架都作为独立变量进行分析，可以克服由联邦制引起的政权形成障碍。1909年《边界水条约》建立了具有法律约束力的规范，任何一个国家都不会污染水越过边界而受到另一方的伤害，从而形成了弱小的双边水污染制度。随后发生的三起跨界水污染事件使加拿大和美国考虑加强两国制，以限制污染造成的损害。在每种情况下，流域内重叠的政府管辖权都阻碍了政权的加强。控制资源开发的州和省不能依法建立具有约束力的制度。两国联邦政府可以在法律上承诺建立一个更强大的政权，但确保州和省政府合规的手段有限。流域的污染管理进一步复杂化，强化制度的成本和收益无法在流域的不同政府之间平均分配。在每次危机中，公众利益的程度和由公众制定的问题影响了政府对潜力的接受程度政权。在1910年至1930年之间，跨界水污染被定性为公共卫生问题，其特征是持续的伤寒流行。第二次世界大战后，水污染被认为是平衡使用湖泊作为污染物汇和使用湖泊作为市政和工业用水的经济问题。到1960年，水污染被定义为一个环境问题，其中污染的存在是公众所不能忍受的;对这三个案例的历史分析表明，在联邦系统中，各级政府都参与了政权建设，每一个政府都参与其中政府不仅利用政权机构解决污染问题，而且还影响其国内系统中另一层政府的行为。

著录项

  • 作者

    Hagen, John O., Jr.;

  • 作者单位

    Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University).;

  • 授予单位 Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University).;
  • 学科 History Canadian.;Environmental Sciences.;History United States.;Political Science International Law and Relations.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 413 p.
  • 总页数 413
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 加拿大;美洲史;国际法;环境科学基础理论;
  • 关键词

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