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Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of De Facto Water Reuse Practice: A Case Study of Trinity River, Texas.

机译：实际中水回用实践的微生物定量风险评估：以德克萨斯州三一河为例。

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摘要

Water reuse have been adopted in regions with limited natural water resources to alleviate water supply stress caused by rapid population and economic growth. The form of water reuse varies, can include non-potable, indirect potable and possibly direct potable reuse in the near future. Each category of water reuse has been highly regulated and controlled in the United States and other developed countries. However, there is an unofficial form of water reuse, sometimes called de facto reuse, where the drinking water source of downstream communities contains a significant portion of wastewater effluent from upstream communities. These effluents were treated to meet the EPA surface water discharge standards, which are not intended for use as the source for drinking water supplies. This study examined the health risk of de facto reuse by Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) using Trinity River, Texas as a case example. The concentrations of Cryptosporidium and norovirus in wastewater effluents upstream of Trinity River were estimated using literature data that fitted by normal and bimodal distribution function, respectively. The exposure assessment considered the portion of wastewater effluent in drinking water source, pathogen decay during storage, and removal rates in water treatment plants. Health risks were computed using Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Results indicated that the annual infection risk of norovirus are exceeding the suggested safety level set by the U.S. EPA, while cryptosporidium risks can only meet the safety benchmark under some circumstances. The disease burden for both pathogens also exceed the WHO DALY-based tolerance level under some circumstances. This study risks concerns of de facto reuse in high portion of effluent and insufficient storage time.
机译：在自然水资源有限的地区已经采用了水的再利用，以缓解人口快速增长和经济增长所造成的供水压力。中水回用的形式各不相同，在不久的将来可以包括非饮用水，间接饮用水以及可能的直接饮用水回用。在美国和其他发达国家，每类中水回用都受到严格的监管。但是，存在一种非正式的水回用形式，有时也称为事实上的回用，其中下游社区的饮用水源包含很大一部分来自上游社区的废水。对这些废水进行了处理，使其符合EPA地表水排放标准，而这些标准不打算用作饮用水的来源。这项研究以德克萨斯州三一河为例，通过定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）检验了事实上重复使用的健康风险。使用分别通过正态和双峰分布函数拟合的文献数据估算了三位一体河上游废水中隐孢子虫和诺如病毒的浓度。暴露评估考虑了饮用水源中废水流出的部分，存储过程中病原体的腐烂以及水处理厂中的去除率。使用蒙特卡洛模拟进行10,000次迭代计算健康风险。结果表明，诺如病毒的年度感染风险已超过美国EPA设定的建议安全水平，而隐孢子虫风险仅在某些情况下才能达到安全基准。在某些情况下，两种病原体的疾病负担也超过了基于WHO DALY的耐受水平。这项研究可能会引起废水大量重复使用和存储时间不足的担忧。

著录项

  • 作者

    Wu, Yiwen.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Irvine.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Irvine.;
  • 学科 Engineering Environmental.;Water Resource Management.;Biology Microbiology.;Environmental Health.;Environmental Sciences.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 49 p.
  • 总页数 49
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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