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Long-term effects of Head Start enrollment on adulthood educational attainment and economic status: A propensity score matching approach.

机译：提前入学对成年受教育程度和经济状况的长期影响：倾向得分匹配方法。

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In 1965, the Head Start program was introduced as part of War on Poverty. There was a hope that intergenerational transmission of poverty could be broken down by a comprehensive preschool program for low income children and their families. Since then, a number of studies have explored the impact of the program. The majority of those studies have focused on cognitive development and educational outcomes, and they generally suggest that the program produces short-term effects, but that most of them disappear in the long-term. However, most previous studies suffered from comparability problems (i.e. different background characteristics) between program participants and non-participants. Further, although the main purpose of the program was to reduce poverty in the long run, confirmation of the idea has been almost ignored from the research for the last 40-plus years. The main purpose of this study is to conduct a more rigorous evaluation in regard to the long-term effects of the Head Start participation on adulthood educational attainment and economic status (as measured by personal earned income, the family income to poverty ratio, and welfare dependency).;This study utilized data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1970 to 2005. To examine the effects of Head Start participation on adulthood income, a total of 1,765 young adults (aged 19 to 35 in 2005) were selected from the original PSID sample: 161 with long-term Head Start participation, 171 with short-term Head Start participation, 611 with other preschool participation, and 822 with no preschool participation. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) analysis was employed to control pre-existing differences that might have an influence on preschool experience. To ensure whether the findings are consistent regardless of how control groups are matched, four matching models were examined: one-to-one matching without replacement, one-to-one matching with replacement, two-nearest neighborhood matching, and radius matching. Using the matched samples, a series of multivariate analyses were conducted: ordered logistic regression for educational attainment, Tobit analysis for personal earned income, OLS regression for family income to poverty ratio, and logistic regression for welfare dependency. To control the influence of other factors, a variety of variables at the community, family, and child levels were also included in the analyses.;Most of the pre-existing differences between groups were sufficiently controlled by the PSM. According to the results of the following multivariate analyses, Head Start provided sizeable gains to its participants in terms of educational attainment if they attended the program at least one year. Long-term Head Starters were more likely to have higher level of educational attainment by approximately 1.5 to 2 times than no preschool children, 2 to 3.2 times than other preschool children, and 1.9 to 2.1 times than short-term Head Starters. However, no significant effects were found among short-term Head Start participants. Regarding the effects on economic status, long-term Head Start participation had indirect effects on personal earnings and family income to poverty ratio through higher educational attainment as compared to short-term Head Start participation or no preschool experience. However, the effects on welfare dependency were not clear.;Although some studies have questioned the long-term effects of Head Start participation, this study confirmed that Head Start had provided long lasting effects to its participants on their adulthood educational attainment and economic status. Consequently, more efforts should be made to minimize the barriers that interfere for low income children to attend the program. The programs' coverage should be expanded and the quality of the program increased to reduce intergenerational poverty.
机译：1965年，“消除贫困”计划引入了“开始创业”计划。希望通过一项针对低收入儿童及其家庭的全面的学前教育计划，可以消除世代相传的贫困现象。从那以后，许多研究探索了该计划的影响。这些研究大多数集中在认知发展和教育成果上，他们通常认为该计划会产生短期影响，但大多数会长期消失。但是，以前的大多数研究都遭受了计划参与者与非参与者之间的可比性问题（即不同的背景特征）。此外，尽管该计划的主要目的是从长期减少贫困，但过去40多年的研究几乎忽略了这一想法的确认。这项研究的主要目的是对参加创业活动对成年受教育程度和经济状况的长期影响进行更严格的评估（以个人收入，家庭收入与贫困之比和福利衡量）这项研究利用了1970年至2005年的收入动态小组研究（PSID）中的数据。为了研究“开始创业”对成年收入的影响，共有1,765名年轻成年人（2005年为19至35岁）从原始PSID样本中选择：161个具有长期的Head Start参与，171个具有短期的Head Start参与，611个具有其他学龄前的参与以及822个没有学龄前的参与。倾向得分匹配（PSM）分析用于控制可能影响学龄前体验的既有差异。为确保无论对照组如何匹配，结果是否一致，检查了四个匹配模型：一对一匹配而不替换，一对一匹配替换，两个最近邻域匹配和半径匹配。使用匹配的样本，进行了一系列多变量分析：用于教育程度的有序逻辑回归，用于个人收入的Tobit分析，用于家庭收入与贫困比的OLS回归以及用于福利依赖的logistic回归。为了控制其他因素的影响，分析还包括了社区，家庭和儿童级别的各种变量。PSM充分控制了各组之间先前存在的差异。根据以下多元分析的结果，如果Start Start至少参加了该计划的一年，则可以为受训者带来可观的收益。与没有学龄前儿童的情况相比，长期的启蒙运动者更有可能获得更高的教育水平，比其他学龄前儿童高1.5到2倍，比其他学龄前儿童高2到3.2倍，比短期学习者高1.9到2.1倍。但是，短期的Head Start参与者中没有发现明显的影响。关于对经济状况的影响，与短期的Head Start参与或没有学龄前经历相比，长期的Head Start参与通过较高的教育程度对个人收入和家庭收入与贫困比的间接影响。但是，对福利依赖的影响尚不清楚。尽管一些研究质疑“ Head Start”参与的长期影响，但该研究证实，“ Head Start”已对其参与者的成年教育程度和经济状况提供了长期的影响。因此，应做出更多努力，以尽量减少影响低收入儿童参加该计划的障碍。应扩大方案的覆盖面，并提高方案的质量，以减少代际贫困。

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