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Assessment of Student Learning Associated with Tree Thinking in an Undergraduate Introductory Organismal Biology Course

机译：本科生入门生物生物学课程中与树式思维相关的学生学习评估

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Phylogenetic trees provide visual representations of ancestor–descendant relationships, a core concept of evolutionary theory. We introduced “tree thinking” into our introductory organismal biology course (freshman/sophomore majors) to help teach organismal diversity within an evolutionary framework. Our instructional strategy consisted of designing and implementing a set of experiences to help students learn to read, interpret, and manipulate phylogenetic trees, with a particular emphasis on using data to evaluate alternative phylogenetic hypotheses (trees). To assess the outcomes of these learning experiences, we designed and implemented a Phylogeny Assessment Tool (PhAT), an open-ended response instrument that asked students to: 1) map characters on phylogenetic trees; 2) apply an objective criterion to decide which of two trees (alternative hypotheses) is “better”; and 3) demonstrate understanding of phylogenetic trees as depictions of ancestor–descendant relationships. A pre–post test design was used with the PhAT to collect data from students in two consecutive Fall semesters. Students in both semesters made significant gains in their abilities to map characters onto phylogenetic trees and to choose between two alternative hypotheses of relationship (trees) by applying the principle of parsimony (Occam's razor). However, learning gains were much lower in the area of student interpretation of phylogenetic trees as representations of ancestor–descendant relationships.
机译：系统发育树提供了祖先后代关系的视觉表示，这是进化论的核心概念。我们在“有机生物学”入门课程（新生/大二学生）中引入了“树状思维”，以帮助在进化框架内教授生物多样性。我们的教学策略包括设计和实施一系列经验，以帮助学生学习阅读，解释和操纵系统发育树，尤其着重于使用数据评估其他系统发育假设（树）。为了评估这些学习经历的结果，我们设计并实施了系统发育评估工具（PhAT），这是一种开放式的响应工具，要求学生：1）在系统发育树上绘制字符； 2）运用客观标准来确定两棵树（替代假设）中的哪棵“更好”；和3）证明了对系统树的理解，作为对祖先后代关系的描述。 PhAT使用了事前测验设计，以连续两个秋季学期从学生那里收集数据。两个学期的学生都通过运用简约原则（奥卡姆剃刀），将角色映射到系统树上并在两个关系的替代假设（树）之间进行选择，这方面的能力得到了显着提高。但是，在学生将系统进化树解释为祖先后代关系的领域中，学习收益要低得多。

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