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The endocrine-brain-aging triad where many paths meet: female reproductive hormone changes at midlife and their influence on circuits important for learning and memory

机译：许多途径相遇的内分泌脑衰老三联征：中年女性生殖激素的变化及其对学习和记忆的重要循环的影响

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摘要

Female mammals undergo natural fluctuations in sex steroid hormone levels throughout life. These fluctuations span from early development, to cyclic changes associated with the menstrual or estrous cycle and pregnancy, to marked hormone flux during perimenopause, and a final decline at reproductive senescence. While the transition to reproductive senescence is not yet fully understood, the vast majority of mammals experience this spontaneous, natural phenomenon with age, which has broad implications for long-lived species. Indeed, this post-reproductive life stage, and its transition, involves significant and enduring physiological changes, including considerably altered sex steroid hormone and gonadotropin profiles that impact multiple body systems, including the brain. The endocrine-brain-aging triad is especially noteworthy, as many paths meet and interact. Many of the brain regions affected by aging are also sensitive to changes in ovarian hormone levels, and aging and reproductive senescence are both associated with changes in memory performance. This review explores how menopause is related to cognitive aging, and discusses some of the key neural systems and molecular factors altered with age and reproductive hormone level changes, with an emphasis on brain regions important for learning and memory.
机译：雌性哺乳动物一生中都会经历性类固醇激素水平的自然波动。这些波动的范围从早期发展到与月经或发情周期和怀孕有关的周期性变化，到绝经期期间明显的激素通量，以及生殖衰老的最终下降。尽管尚未完全理解向生殖衰老的过渡，但绝大多数哺乳动物会随着年龄的增长而经历这种自发的自然现象，这对长寿物种具有广泛的影响。确实，这个生殖后的生命阶段及其过渡涉及重大而持久的生理变化，包括影响许多身体系统（包括大脑）的性类固醇激素和促性腺激素的分布大大改变。内分泌脑衰老三联症尤其值得注意，因为许多路径相遇并相互作用。受衰老影响的许多大脑区域也对卵巢激素水平的变化敏感，衰老和生殖衰老均与记忆能力的变化有关。这篇综述探讨了更年期与认知衰老之间的关系，并讨论了一些随年龄和生殖激素水平变化而改变的关键神经系统和分子因素，重点是对学习和记忆至关重要的大脑区域。

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