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On the Acquisition and Evolution of Compositional Languages: Sparse Input and the Productive Creativity of Children

机译：习作语言的习得与发展：稀疏输入与儿童的创造力

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摘要

This paper investigates the productive creativity of children in a computational model of the emergence and evolution of compositional structures in language. In previous models it was shown that compositional structures can emerge in language when the language is transmitted from one generation to the next through a transmission bottleneck. Due to the fact that in these models language is transmitted only in a vertical direction where adults only speak to children and children only listen, this bottleneck needs to be imposed by the experimenter. In the current study, this bottleneck is removed and instead of having a vertical transmission of language, the language is—in most simulations— transmitted horizontally (i.e., any agent can speak to any other agent). It is shown that such a horizontal transmission scenario does not need an externally imposed bottleneck, because the children face an implicit bottleneck when they start speaking early in life. The model is compared with the recent development of Nicaraguan Sign Language, where it is observed that children are a driving force for inventing grammatical (or compositional) structures, possibly due to a sparseness of input (i.e., an implicit bottleneck). The results show that in the studied model children are indeed the creative driving force for the emergence and stable evolution of compositional languages, thus suggesting that this implicit bottleneck may—in part—explain why children are so typically good at acquiring language and, moreover, why they may have been the driving force for the emergence of grammar in language.
机译：本文在语言组成结构的出现和发展的计算模型中研究了儿童的生产创造力。在以前的模型中，已经表明，当通过传输瓶颈将语言从一代传到下一代时，组成结构可以在语言中出现。由于在这些模型中，语言仅在成人只能与儿童说话而儿童只能听的垂直方向上传输，因此该瓶颈必须由实验者来确定。在当前的研究中，消除了该瓶颈，并且在大多数模拟中，该语言不是垂直传输语言，而是水平传输（即，任何特工都可以与任何其他特工讲话）。结果表明，这种水平传播的情况并不需要外部施加的瓶颈，因为孩子们从小开始说话就面临着隐性的瓶颈。该模型与尼加拉瓜手语的最新发展进行了比较，据观察，儿童可能是发明语法（或构图）结构的驱动力，这可能是由于输入的稀疏性（即隐性瓶颈）所致。结果表明，在所研究的模型中，儿童确实是构成语言出现和稳定发展的创造性驱动力，因此表明这一隐性瓶颈可能（部分）解释了为什么儿童通常如此擅长掌握语言，而且，为什么它们可能是语言语法出现的动力。

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