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Rubber Surface Change and Static Charging under Periodic Stress

机译：周期性应力下的橡胶表面变化和静电荷

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Rubber materials play an important role in robotics, due to their sensing and actuating abilities, that are exploited in soft smart materials endowed with shape-adaptive and electroadhesive properties. The application of an electric field produces non-linear deformation that has been extensively modelled, but is not understood at the molecular level. The symmetric effect (the production of an electric field due to rubber deformation) was recently discovered and explained as follows: rubber surface chemical composition and adsorptive properties change during rubber deformation, allowing the surface to exchange charge with the atmosphere. The present work describes the complex surface morphology and microchemistry of tubing made from vulcanized natural rubber, showing that it is rough and made from two domain types: stiffer elevations containing Br or Al (depending on the sample used) and O, that rise above an elastic base that is exempt of elements other than C and H. The surface area fraction occupied by the elastic base is higher in the strained rubber than when it is relaxed. Electrostatic potential on rubber surfaces was measured as a function of the stretching frequency, using Kelvin electrodes and showing frequency-dependent potential variation. This is explained considering charge exchange between the atmosphere and rubber surface, mediated by water vapor adsorbed in the stretched rubber and trapped when it relaxes.
机译：橡胶材料由于具有感应和促动功能，因此在机器人技术中起着重要作用，这种橡胶材料在具有形状适应性和电粘附性的柔软智能材料中得到了利用。电场的施加会产生非线性变形，该变形已被广泛建模，但在分子水平上尚不了解。最近发现并解释了对称效应（由于橡胶变形而产生的电场），其解释如下：橡胶变形过程中橡胶表面的化学成分和吸附性能发生变化，从而使表面与大气交换电荷。目前的工作描述了由硫化天然橡胶制成的管材的复杂表面形态和微观化学，表明该管材是粗糙的，并且由两种区域类型制成：含Br或Al（取决于所用的样品）和O的更高的标高，高于标高弹性基体，不含C和H元素。应变橡胶中的弹性基体所占的表面积比松弛时要高。使用开尔文（Kelvin）电极，测量了橡胶表面上的静电电势与拉伸频率的关系，并显示了随频率变化的电势变化。考虑到大气和橡胶表面之间的电荷交换，这是由吸附在拉伸的橡胶中并在松弛时被捕获的水蒸气介导的。

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