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首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Toxicology >Effect Of Prolonged Exposure Of Low Doses Of Fipronil On Thyroid Function Of Pregnant Rats And Their Offspring
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Effect Of Prolonged Exposure Of Low Doses Of Fipronil On Thyroid Function Of Pregnant Rats And Their Offspring

机译：长期服用小剂量氟苯腈对孕期大鼠及其后代甲状腺功能的影响

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Fipronil (FPN) is a phenylpyrazole class insecticide, which is widely used in households, agriculture, and health care in the many countries of world. The effect of prolonged exposure to low doses of FPN on the state of thyroid hormones (TH) thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of the pregnant rats and their offspring have been studied. In non-pregnant female rats FPN exposure for 30 days before pregnancy resulted in a moderate decrease of levels both of the TH, but it significantly increased the concentration of TSH. The impact of FPN in pregnant female rats, and especially in lactating period, led to a marked reduction in TH concentration with a significant increase in TSH levels. It was also found that prenatal and postnatal exposure to low doses of FPN significantly disturbed thyroid function in the offspring. The concentrations both of T4 and T3 in all periods of experiments in the offspring from FPN-exposure rats were decreased, while the TSH level was significantly higher than controls. The hypothyroidism in the offspring was kept on 30 day of postnatal life, when delivery of FPN or its metabolites through the breast milk has been discontinued. It is probably may be due to a prolonged retention of the fipronil sulfone, as a more stable metabolite of fipronil, in the organism of offspring. The mechanisms of disorders of thyroid function of exposed to FPN pregnant females and their offspring has not yet fully understood and need further detailed investigations. The results of these studies may help to prevent the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on the thyroid function of pregnant women and their children. Introduction For more than two decades in the world literature uses the term “endocrine- disrupting chemicals or endocrine disruptors” (EDCs, or EDs), adopted by the Agency for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1991 (Boas et al., 2006; Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., 2009; Zoeller, 2010).This term brings together all chemical substances which in the humans and animals changing processes of synthesis, secretion, transport, and metabolism of natural hormones and thereby leads to a violation of hormonal homeostasis (Hotchkiss et al., 2008).Endocrine-disrupting effects have many pesticides, including the latest generation, and household chemicals and some medicines.There are more than one hundred pesticides of which 80% are commonly used as insecticides and fungicides, have different endocrine disrupting effects (Mnif et al, 2011). One of the most common representatives of the pyrazole class pesticides is fipronil (FPN), which as insecticide has a high efficiency even at low doses and is widely used in households, agriculture, and health care in the many countries of world (Tingle et al., 2003). The risk of contamination of the environment to fipronil, and especially to its more toxic and stable metabolite a fipronil sulfone is big enough, because the use of FPN-containing insecticides continues to grow due to the limitation of the known organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides (Lassiter et al., 2009). Recently studies M.P.Ensminger et al., (2013) showed an abundance of pesticides in surface waters of California. In water samples, all of the malathion,fipronil and λ-cyhalothrin detections, and most of the fipronilsulfone detections were above their lowest US EPA aquatic benchmark.It should be understood that even low doses of these pollutants may have endocrine - disrupting effects. Whether low doses of EDCs affect influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities (Vandenberg et al., 2012).However the endocrine-disrupting effect of FPN was discovered relatively recently and the reports on this problem are relatively rare.Early reports on the inhibitory effect of FPN on the thyroid gland appeared in the late 90's (Hurley, 1998).Th
机译：Fipronil（FPN）是苯基吡唑类杀虫剂，在世界许多国家/地区广泛用于家庭，农业和医疗保健中。研究了长期暴露于低剂量的FPN对怀孕大鼠及其后代的甲状腺激素（TH）甲状腺素（T4），三碘甲状腺素（T3）和促甲状腺激素（TSH）的状态的影响。在未怀孕的雌性大鼠中，怀孕前30天暴露于FPN会导致两者的TH水平均适度降低，但会显着增加TSH的浓度。 FPN对怀孕雌性大鼠的影响，尤其是在哺乳期，导致TH浓度显着降低，TSH水平显着增加。还发现，产前和产后暴露于低剂量的FPN会显着干扰后代的甲状腺功能。在暴露于FPN的大鼠后代中，所有实验期间T4和T3的浓度均降低，而TSH的水平显着高于对照组。子代甲状腺功能减退症发生在出生后30天，此时已经停止通过母乳输送FPN或其代谢产物。这可能是由于氟虫腈砜作为氟虫腈的更稳定的代谢产物在后代生物中的保留时间延长所致。暴露于FPN孕妇及其后代的甲状腺功能异常的机制尚未完全了解，需要进一步详细研究。这些研究的结果可能有助于防止环境污染物对孕妇及其子女的甲状腺功能产生不利影响。引言在世界上超过二十年的文献中，术语“内分泌干扰化学物质或内分泌干扰物”（EDCs或EDs）于1991年被美国环境保护署（Boas et al。，2006; Diamanti）所采用。 -Kandarakis et al。，2009; Zoeller，2010）。该术语将人类和动物中改变天然激素合成，分泌，转运和代谢过程的所有化学物质汇集在一起​​，从而导致违反荷尔蒙稳态（ Hotchkiss et al。，2008）。破坏内分泌的作用有很多农药，包括最新一代的农药，家用化学品和一些药物。有一百多种农药，其中80％通常用作杀虫剂和杀真菌剂，具有不同的内分泌干扰作用（Mnif等，2011）。吡唑类杀虫剂最常见的代表之一是氟虫腈（FPN），它作为杀虫剂即使在低剂量下也具有很高的效率，并且在世界许多国家/地区广泛用于家庭，农业和医疗保健中（Tingle等（2003年）。氟虫腈，特别是其毒性更高且更稳定的代谢产物污染环境的风险足够大，因为已知的有机氯和有机磷农药的局限性使含FPN的杀虫剂的使用持续增长（Lassiter等（2009）。 M.P. Ensminger等人（2013年）的最新研究表明，加州地表水中存在大量农药。在水样中，所有的马拉硫磷，氟虫腈和cycyothrin检出物以及大部分氟虫腈砜检出物均高于其最低的美国EPA水生基准，应理解即使是低剂量的这些污染物也可能具有内分泌干扰作用。低剂量的EDC是否会影响某些人类疾病不再是推测，因为流行病学研究表明EDC的环境暴露与人类疾病和残疾有关（Vandenberg et al。，2012），然而发现了FPN的内分泌干扰作用关于FPN对甲状腺的抑制作用的早期报道出现在90年代后期（Hurley，1998）。

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