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首页> 外文期刊>Open Journal of Soil Science >Long-Term Environmental Impacts of Pesticide and Herbicide Use in Panama Canal Zone
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Long-Term Environmental Impacts of Pesticide and Herbicide Use in Panama Canal Zone

机译：巴拿马运河区的农药和除草剂的长期环境影响

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The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 transformed ocean-shipping and the availability of internationally-traded goods, shortened travel time between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, increased ship tonnage, and sparked the growth of port authorities on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Panama Canal. Historically, the United States was number one and China was number two in tons of cargo that pass through the canal annually in the high stakes game of import and export markets. Prior to the construction of the Panama Canal, the most efficient way to cross the 82-kilometer isthmus, between the Port of Panama City on the Pacific and the Port of Colon on the Atlantic, was by mule trails through tropical forests and river transportation. Since the construction of the Panama Canal through tropical forests in the 1910s, pesticides have been essential for managing mosquitoes as well as controlling wetland vegetation that blocked lakes, rivers and the canal. The pri mary objective of this research study is to document the long-term environmental impacts of pesticide and herbicide use in the Panama Canal Zone. Many of these chemicals, including 2, 4,-D, 2, 4, 5-T and DDT, have a long half-life under water and some, like arsenic (As), have no half-life. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun via surface runoff either in solution or attached to the sediment during the rainy season. The by-product 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p -dioxin (TCDD) is an unanticipated contaminant created during the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T. TCDD can bio-accumulate in fish and birds and enter into the human food supply. The extent of the current chemical and pesticide contamination on former U.S. military base grounds and in Lake Gatun is unknown. Systematic soil sampling of current and former military bases, chemical disposal sites and Lake Gatun or the Panama Canal sediments is needed to determine if mitigation is necessary.
机译：1913年巴拿马运河的开幕转变了海运和国际交易商品的可用性，缩短了太平洋和大西洋之间的旅行时间，增加了船舶吨位，并引发了大西洋和太平洋沿岸的港口当局的增长巴拿马运河。从历史上看，美国是第一，中国的数量是两辆货物，每年在进出口市场的高赌注游戏中通过运河。在建造巴拿马运河之前，在太平洋巴拿马城港口和大西洋上的冒号港之间的最有效的途径，通过热带森林和河流运输，是由骡子径的。自1910年代通过热带森林建造巴拿马运河以来，农药对于管理蚊子来说至关重要，并控制挡泥土植被阻挡湖泊，河流和运河。本研究研究的PRI玛丽目标是记录农药和除草剂在巴拿马运河区的长期环境影响。其中许多化学物质，包括2,4，-D，2,4,5-T和DDT，在水下具有长的半衰期，有些像砷（AS）一样，没有半衰期。在溶液中通过表面径流流入Gatun的农药和化学品通过溶液或雨季期间附着在沉积物中。副产物2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并苯并 - p-diOxin（TCDD）是在制造除草剂2,4,5-T期间产生的意外污染物。 TCDD可以在鱼类和鸟类中积聚生物积聚并进入人类食品供应。前美国军事基地和戴克湖的当前化学和农药污染的程度未知。需要制造当前和前军事基地，化学处理场所和Gatun湖的系统土壤采样或巴拿马渠道沉积物，以确定是否需要缓解。

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