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Isolated refuges for surviving global catastrophes

机译：幸存的全球灾难的孤立的避难所

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A variety of global catastrophes threaten the survival of human civilization. For many of these catastrophes, isolated refuges could keep some people alive and enable them to rebuild civilization in the post-catastrophe world. This paper examines the potential importance of refuges and what it would take to make them succeed. The successful refuge will have a variety of qualities, including isolation from catastrophes and self-sufficiency. These qualities can be achieved through a variety of specific design features. We introduce the concept of surface-independence as the gold standard for refuge excellence: refuges isolated from Earth's surface will offer maximum protection against both the catastrophe itself and potentially harmful post-catastrophe populations. However, surface-independence introduces significant design challenges. We present several challenges and evaluate possible solutions. Self-sufficiency in food provision can be greatly enhanced via chemical food synthesis. The rejection of waste heat from subterranean refuges can be enhanced via building piping networks and locating refuges near running groundwater or in ice. The high cost of extraterrestrial refuges can be offset by integrating refuges into space missions with scientific, political, or commercial goals. Overall, refuges show much promise for protecting civilization against global catastrophes and thus warrant serious consideration. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：各种各样的全球灾难威胁着人类文明的生存。对于这些灾难中的许多灾难，孤立的避难所可以使某些人活着，并使他们能够在灾难后的世界中重建文明。本文研究了避难所的潜在重要性以及如何使避难所取得成功。成功的避难所将具有多种特质，包括免受灾难和自给自足。这些质量可以通过各种特定的设计功能来实现。我们引入表面独立性概念作为卓越避难所的金标准：与地球表面隔离的避难所将提供最大的保护，抵御灾难本身和潜在的灾难后人口。然而，表面独立性带来了重大的设计挑战。我们提出了一些挑战并评估了可能的解决方案。通过化学食品合成可以大大提高食品供应的自给自足。通过建立管道网络并将避难所放置在流动的地下水或冰中附近，可以增强地下避难所的废热排除能力。通过将避难所整合到具有科学，政治或商业目标的太空任务中，可以抵消外星避难所的高昂成本。总体而言，避难所显示出保护文明免受全球灾难的巨大希望，因此值得认真考虑。 （C）2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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