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The competitive dynamics of toxic Alexandrium fundyense and non-toxic Alexandrium tamarense: The role of temperature

机译：有毒亚历山大藻和无毒亚历山大藻的竞争动力学：温度的作用

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The dinoflagellate Alexandrium produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. The genus is globally distributed, with Scottish waters being of particular interest due to the co-occurrence of different species and strains. In Scottish waters, Alexandrium was historically thought to be dominated by the highly toxic (Group I) Alexandrium fundyense. However, the morphologically indistinguishable (Group III) Alexandrium tamarense has recently also been found to co-occur, raising important questions in relation to Alexandrium biogeography. To begin to address these, we investigated Alexandrium growth, yield and toxin production in a range of temperature conditions characteristics of present and potential future conditions, using a recently developed flow cytometry method that allowed, for the first time, simultaneous enumeration of the cryptic species in co-culture. Experiments were undertaken in a range of temperatures (12, 15, 18 and 21 degrees C) in the phosphate (P) limiting conditions that promotes A. fundyense toxicity. Cell/biomass yield was greater for A. tamarense at all temperatures, with observed growth rates varying with temperature. Growth rather and yield were different in mono- and co-culture with the outcome of these interactions also being temperature dependent. For toxic A. fundyense, GTX-3, STX and NEO were the dominant analogues, but total toxicity, toxicity per cell and the number of, and relative proportion of, toxin analogues changed in relation to the onset of P limitation and also as a function of temperature, with the highest toxin concentrations per cell being observed at 12 degrees C. Toxin concentrations were approximately double in P limited stationary phase compared to exponential growth. Toxin concentrations were lower in the co-cultures, indicating inhibition of production in the presence of non-toxic A. tamarense. The strong performance of A. tamarense is in co-culture at odds with the historical understanding that Scottish waters were dominated by A. fundyense and indicates that changes in water temperatures, and also potentially alleopathic interactions, will influence Alexandrium populations and hence the PSP toxicity threat to humans from shellfish. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：鞭毛藻亚历山大藻产生麻痹性贝类毒素毒素。该属是全球分布的，由于不同物种和菌株的共存，苏格兰水域特别受关注。在苏格兰水域，历史上亚历山大被认为是由高毒性（第一类）亚历山大绒fund所主导。然而，最近还发现形态上无法区分的（第三类）塔玛亚历山大草同时存在，这引起了有关亚历山大生物地理学的重要问题。为了解决这些问题，我们使用最近开发的流式细胞术方法，首次允许同时枚举神秘物种，研究了当前和未来潜在条件下一系列温度条件下亚历山大藻的生长，产量和毒素产生。在共同培养中。实验在一定温度范围内（12、15、18和21摄氏度），磷酸盐（P）限制条件下进行，这些条件会促进A. Fundyense毒性。在所有温度下，番茄的A. tamarense的细胞/生物量产量都更高，观察到的生长速率随温度而变化。单培养和共培养中的生长率和产量均不同，这些相互作用的结果也取决于温度。对于有毒的A. Fundyense，GTX-3，STX和NEO是主要的类似物，但总毒性，每个细胞的毒性以及毒素类似物的数量和相对比例随P限制的发作而改变，并且作为与温度的函数有关，在12摄氏度时观察到每个细胞的最高毒素浓度。与指数生长相比，P限制的固定相中的毒素浓度约为两倍。共培养物中的毒素浓度较低，表明在无毒嗜酸曲霉存在下抑制了生产。 tamarense的强劲表现与共同培养相违背，因为历史上的理解苏格兰水是由Fundyense主导的，并且表明水温的变化以及潜在的变态作用将影响亚历山大藻种群，从而影响PSP毒性贝类对人类的威胁。 （C）2015 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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