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Laboratory test of snow wetness influence on electrical conductivity measured with ground penetrating radar

机译：积雪对地面穿透雷达测量的电导率影响的实验室测试

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摘要

Ground penetrating radar operated from helicopters or snowmobiles is used to determine snow water equivalent (SWE) for annual snowpacks from radar wave two-way travel time. However, presence of liquid water in a snowpack is known to decrease the radar wave velocity, which for a typical snowpack with 5% (by volume) liquid water can lead to an overestimation of SWE by about 20%. It would therefore be beneficial if radar measurements could also be used to determine snow wetness. Our approach is to use radar wave attenuation in the snowpack, which depends on electrical properties of snow (permittivity and conductivity) which in turn depend on snow wetness. The relationship between radar wave attenuation and these electrical properties can be derived theoretically, while the relationship between electrical permittivity and snow wetness follows a known empirical formula, which also includes snow density. Snow wetness can therefore be determined from radar wave attenuation if the relationship between electrical conductivity and snow wetness is also known, In a laboratory test, three sets of measurements were made on initially dry 1 m thick snowpacks. Snow wetness was controlled by stepwise addition of water between radar measurements, and a linear relationship between electrical conductivity and snow wetness was established.
机译：由直升机或雪地摩托操作的探地雷达用于根据雷达波的双向传播时间确定年度积雪的雪水当量（SWE）。但是，已知积雪中存在液态水会降低雷达波速度，对于具有5％（按体积计）的液态水的典型积雪，这可能导致SWE高估约20％。因此，如果雷达测量结果也可用于确定积雪湿度将是有益的。我们的方法是在积雪中使用雷达波衰减，这取决于雪的电特性（介电常数和电导率），而电特性又取决于雪的湿度。可以从理论上推导雷达波衰减与这些电气特性之间的关系，而介电常数与积雪湿度之间的关系遵循已知的经验公式，其中还包括积雪密度。因此，如果还知道电导率和雪湿度之间的关系，则可以从雷达波衰减确定雪湿度。在实验室测试中，对最初干燥的1 m厚积雪进行了三组测量。通过在雷达测量之间逐步添加水来控制雪湿度，并建立了电导率与雪湿度之间的线性关系。

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