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The interplay of formal and informal institutions between local and regional authorities when creating well-functioning public transport systems

机译：建立功能完善的公共交通系统时，地方和地方当局之间的正式和非正式机构之间的相互作用

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This paper analyzes how public transport planning is managed in institutional contexts where governance is spread across local and regional scales. The paper sheds light on two facets of the relationship between local and regional government: first, the decision-making process regarding where to provide public transport services and at what level, and second, integration of public transport with land use planning. An analytical matrix is used to cross-reference the roles of formal institutions (governance established in law) and informal institutions (governance not established in law) against local and regional responsibilities for public transport and land use. Analysis of the interplay between these three axes (formal/informal, local/regional, public transport/land use) reveals how informal institutions help regional and local authorities to negotiate the constraints of formal, statutory institutions and help to oil the wheels of delivering measures and policies that make public transport work as a well-functioning system. However, informal institutions clearly have their limits, in the paper exemplified by the remaining challenges to integrate regional public transport and local land use planning. An identified challenge is that, by their very nature, informal institutions are difficult to influence or modify, therefore relying on them to fill gaps in formal institutional responsibilities may be a risky strategy when unpopular decisions are made.
机译：本文分析了如何在机构环境中管理公共交通规划的情况，在这种情况下，治理遍及地方和区域范围。该文件阐明了地方政府与地方政府之间关系的两个方面：第一，关于在哪里提供公共交通服务以及在什么级别提供服务的决策过程；第二，将公共交通与土地利用规划相结合。使用分析矩阵将正式机构（依法建立的政府机构）和非正式机构（依法建立的政府机构）的作用与公共交通和土地使用的地方和区域责任进行交叉引用。对这三个轴（正式/非正式，地方/区域，公共交通/土地使用）之间相互作用的分析表明，非正式机构如何帮助地区和地方当局协商正式，法定机构的制约因素，并帮助推动实施措施以及使公共交通成为功能完善的系统的政策。但是，非正式机构显然有其局限性，在本文中，将区域公共交通与当地土地利用规划整合起来仍然存在挑战。一个已确定的挑战是，就其性质而言，非正式机构难以影响或修改，因此，在做出不受欢迎的决定时，依靠它们来填补正式机构责任中的空白可能是一种冒险的策略。

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