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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Brevetoxin and saxitoxin alter shoaling dynamics in mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus
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Brevetoxin and saxitoxin alter shoaling dynamics in mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus

机译：短杆菌毒素和沙门毒素会改变木乃伊，Fund藜的浅滩动态

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摘要

Shoaling and social behaviors of Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog, an estuarine killifish) were observed in response to harmful algal bloom (HAB) neurotoxin exposures. Six replicate groups of 5 fish were videographed pre-exposure, during a sublethal 2-h exposure to brevetoxin, PbTx-2 (PbTx, 40 and 55 ppb) or saxitoxin (STX,100 and 150 ppb) at the beginning (T-0-(30min)) and at the end (T-90(-120 min)) of the exposure period, and during recovery, 24-h post-exposure. Fish shoaling and social behaviors, including nearest neighbor angle (NNA) and nearest neighbor distance (NND) between fish, solitary and sedentary time, and number of conspecific interactions, were quantified and analyzed using customized software. There was no difference in shoaling behavior outcomes between the PbTx or STX "high" and "low" concentrations within observation times (p > .26). Exposure and post-exposure group outcomes were compared to pre-exposure (baseline) observations using repeated measures. PbTx- and STX-exposed fish showed altered shoaling behaviors during- and post-exposure, compared to preexposure baseline observations. PbTx-exposed fish showed heightened shoaling dynamics during early exposure observations (To-so), where shoaling time increased (p < .01), NND decreased (p < .05), and the number of conspecific interactions increased (p < .10). In contrast, STX-exposed fish showed suppressed shoaling dynamics during late exposure observations (T-90(-120 min)), where shoaling time decreased (p < .10), NND and NNA increased (p < .05), and the number of conspecific interactions decreased (p < .05). Recovery observations taken 24-h after PbTx- and STX-exposure, revealed groups of fish with suppressed shoaling dynamics including reduced group cohesiveness. Groups of fish post-exposure spent less time shoaling (p < .05) with greater NND (p < .10) and fewer conspecific interactions (p < .10). STX-exposed fish also had greater NNA (p < .01). PbTx-exposed fish spent more time sedentary while remaining in groups (p < .05) and more time solitary (p < .05). Results indicate that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PbTx and STX have demonstrable effects on mummichog shoaling and group behaviors. Behavioral responses observed during HAB toxin exposure may be associated with the excitatory action of PbTx and the paralytic effects of STX. Post-exposure outcomes indicate impacted shoaling dynamics and group behaviors. Such changes are associated with reduced foraging capacity and predator vigilance, thus facilitating toxin trophic transfer, and ultimately decreasing survival for exposed killifish.
机译：观察到对有害藻华（HAB）神经毒素暴露有反应的异头Fund（mummichog，河口ua鱼）的暗沙和社会行为。在开始时（T-0），在致死性短短2小时内暴露于短毒素，PbTx-2（PbTx，40和55 ppb）或毒毒素（STX，100和150 ppb）的亚致死2小时内，对六个重复组的5条鱼进行了摄像，进行了预曝光。 -（30分钟）），在暴露期结束时（T-90（-120分钟）），以及恢复期间，暴露后24小时。鱼类定居和社交行为，包括鱼类之间的最近邻居角度（NNA）和最近邻居距离（NND），单独和久坐时间以及同种相互作用的数量，均使用定制软件进行了量化和分析。在观察时间内，PbTx或STX的“高”浓度和“低”浓度之间的暗沙行为结果没有差异（p> .26）。使用重复测量，将暴露和暴露后组的结果与暴露前（基线）观察结果进行比较。与暴露前基线观察相比，暴露于PbTx和STX的鱼在暴露期间和暴露后的浅滩行为有所改变。暴露于PbTx的鱼在早期暴露观察（To-so）中显示出较高的浅滩动态，其中浅滩时间增加（p <.01），NND减少（p <.05），同种相互作用数增加（p <.10） ）。相反，暴露于STX的鱼在后期暴露观察（T-90（-120分钟））中表现出抑制的浅滩动态，其中浅滩时间减少（p <.10），NND和NNA增加（p <.05），并且同种相互作用的数量减少（p <.05）。暴露于PbTx和STX之后24小时的恢复观察结果显示，鱼群的浅滩动态受到抑制，包括降低的群聚力。鱼群在暴露后花费的浅滩时间（p <.05）和NND较大（p <.10）和同种相互作用较少（p <.10）。暴露于STX的鱼的NNA也更高（p <.01）。暴露于PbTx的鱼在久坐的时间上花费更多，而在成群中停留的时间（p <.05）和单独的时间更多（p <.05）。结果表明，暴露于环境相关浓度的PbTx和STX对木乃伊的暗沙和群体行为具有明显的影响。 HAB毒素暴露期间观察到的行为反应可能与PbTx的兴奋作用和STX的麻痹作用有关。暴露后的结果表明浅滩动态和群体行为受到影响。这种变化与降低的觅食能力和捕食者的警觉性有关，从而促进了毒素的营养转移，并最终降低了暴露的kill鱼的存活率。

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