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Drivers of salamander extirpation mediated by Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans

机译：沙门氏菌介导的sal灭绝驱动

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摘要

The recent arrival of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe was followed by rapid expansion of its geographical distribution and host range, confirming the unprecedented threat that this chytrid fungus poses to western Palaearctic amphibians(1,2). Mitigating this hazard requires a thorough understanding of the pathogen's disease ecology that is driving the extinction process. Here, we monitored infection, disease and host population dynamics in a Belgian fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) population for two years immediately after the first signs of infection. We show that arrival of this chytrid is associated with rapid population collapse without any sign of recovery, largely due to lack of increased resistance in the surviving salamanders and a demographic shift that prevents compensation for mortality. The pathogen adopts a dual transmission strategy, with environmentally resistant non-motile spores in addition to the motile spores identified in its sister species B. dendrobatidis. The fungus retains its virulence not only in water and soil, but also in anurans and less susceptible urodelan species that function as infection reservoirs. The combined characteristics of the disease ecology suggest that further expansion of this fungus will behave as a ` perfect storm' that is able to rapidly extirpate highly susceptible salamander populations across Europe.
机译：梭状芽孢杆菌最近进入欧洲，随后其地理分布和寄主范围迅速扩大，证实了这种菌根真菌对西部古两栖动物构成了前所未有的威胁（1,2）。减轻这种危害需要彻底了解导致灭绝过程的病原体疾病生态。在这里，我们在感染的第一个迹象出现后的两年内监测了比利时火sal（Salamandra salamandra）种群的感染，疾病和宿主种群动态。我们表明，这种壶菌的到来与人口迅速崩溃而没有任何恢复的迹象有关，这主要是由于幸存的resistance缺乏抵抗力的增强，以及人口变化导致无法补偿死亡。该病原体采取双重传播策略，除了在其姊妹物种B. dendrobatidis中鉴定出的活动性孢子外，还具有环保抗性的活动性孢子。这种真菌不仅在水和土壤中，而且还在无性菌和较不易感染的乌地拉德菌种（具有感染源的作用）中均能保持其毒性。疾病生态学的综合特征表明，这种真菌的进一步扩展将像“完美风暴”一样，能够迅速消灭整个欧洲高度敏感的sal种群。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2017年第7650期|353-356|共4页
  • 作者

    Stegen Gwij; Pasmans Frank; Schmidt Benedikt R.; Rouffaer Lieze O.; Van Praet Sarah; Schaub Michael; Canessa Stefano; Laudelout Arnaud; Kinet Thierry; Adriaensen Connie; Haesebrouck Freddy; Bert Wim; Bossuyt Franky; Martel An;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Univ Zurich, Dept Evolutionary Biol & Environm Studies, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland|KARCH, Passage Maximilien de Meuron 6, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Swiss Ornithol Inst, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Mundo Namur, Natagora, Rue Nanon 98, B-5000 Namur, Belgium;

    Mundo Namur, Natagora, Rue Nanon 98, B-5000 Namur, Belgium;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Res Unit, KL Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;

    Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Biol, Amphibian Evolut Lab, Pl Laan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;

    Univ Ghent, Dept Pathol Bacteriol & Avian Dis, Fac Vet Med, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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