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The Politics of Wet System Building: Balancing Interests in Dutch Water Management from the Middle Ages to the Present

机译：湿式系统建设的政治：平衡中世纪到现代荷兰水管理的利益

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摘要

The Netherlands is a country physically structured by water. In addition to many minor rivers and canals, three large European rivers―the Meuse, the Scheldt and the Rhine―meander their way through the country towards the North Sea. A flat topography mostly at or below sea level is combined with a relatively high population density and wealth. It is hardly surprising, then, that the Netherlands have long been prominent in the development of water-related technologies, ranging from massively applied land reclamation (starting in the Middle Ages) and the adaptation of windmill technology for drainage (since the 15th century) to the development of the world's largest seaport in Rotterdam and several large scale damming projects (the Zuiderzee; the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt estuaries) in the 20th century. In this paper, however, we will not focus on isolated feats in the international history of technology. What makes the history of Dutch water management truly interesting is the complex adjudication of very different and potentially conflicting social interests in water flows. For in this intensively cultivated country, the same bodies of water might be subject to flood protection measures, land reclamation, inland navigation, fresh water supply for agriculture, industry and cities, waste water disposal, recreation, fishing and even military defense (the last "water defense line" was constructed during the Cold War).
机译：荷兰是一个物理上由水构成的国家。除了许多次要的河流和运河之外，欧洲的三大河流-默兹河，斯海尔德河和莱茵河也蜿蜒穿过整个国家，直达北海。平坦的地形主要在海平面或海平面以下，并且人口密度和财富相对较高。因此，荷兰在与水有关的技术的发展方面一直很著名，从大规模应用的土地开垦（始于中世纪）到风车技术用于排水（自15世纪以来）就不足为奇了。到20世纪世界上最大的鹿特丹海港的开发以及几个大型筑坝项目（祖德泽河，莱茵河，默兹河和斯海尔德河口）。但是，在本文中，我们将不关注国际技术历史上孤立的壮举。使荷兰的水管理历史真正有趣的是对水流中截然不同且可能相互冲突的社会利益的复杂裁决。在这个集约化的国家中，相同的水域可能会受到防洪措施，土地开垦，内陆航行，农业，工业和城市的淡水供应，废水处理，娱乐，捕鱼甚至军事防御（最后一个）在冷战时期建造了“水防线”。

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