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Size and experience matter: diving behaviour of juvenile New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)

机译：大小和经验很重要：新西兰海狮（Phocarctos hookeri）的潜水行为

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The diving ability of juvenile animals is constrained by their physiology, morphology and lack of experience, compared to adults. We studied the influences of age and mass on the diving behaviour of juvenile (2-3-year-old females, n = 12; 3-5-year-old males, n = 7) New Zealand (NZ) sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) using time-depth recorders (TDRs) from 2008 to 2010 in the NZ subantarctic Auckland Islands. Diving ability (e.g. dive depth, duration and bottom time per dive) improved with age and mass. However, the percentage of each dive spent at the bottom, along with percentage time at sea spent diving, was comparable between younger and lighter juveniles and older and heavier juveniles. These suggest that younger and older juveniles expend similar foraging effort in terms of the amount of time spent underwater. Only, 5-year-old male juveniles dove to adult female depths and durations and had the highest foraging efficiency at depths >250 m. It appears that juvenile NZ sea lions attain adult female diving ability at around 5 years of age (at least in males), but prior to this, their performance is limited. Overall, the restricted diving capabilities of juvenile NZ sea lions may limit their available foraging habitat and ability to acquire food at deeper depths. The lower diving ability of juvenile NZ sea lions compared to adults, along with juvenile-specific constraints, should be taken into consideration for the effective management of this declining, nationally critical species.
机译：与成年动物相比，幼年动物的潜水能力受到其生理，形态和缺乏经验的限制。我们研究了年龄和体重对少年（2-3岁的女性，n = 12； 3-5岁的男性，n = 7）新西兰海狮（Phocarctos）潜水行为的影响hookeri）在2008年至2010年期间使用时间深度记录器（TDR）在新西兰南极洲的奥克兰群岛中使用。潜水能力（例如潜水深度，每次潜水的持续时间和下潜时间）随着年龄和体重的增加而提高。但是，年轻和较轻的少年与年长和较重的少年在底部的每次潜水百分比以及在海上度过的潜水时间百分比相当。这些表明，就在水下度过的时间而言，年幼的和较年幼的青少年花费相似的觅食努力。只有5岁的雄性幼鸽能适应成年雌性的深度和持续时间，并且在> 250 m的深度具有最高的觅食效率。幼年的新西兰海狮似乎在5岁左右就可以达到成年雌性潜水能力（至少在雄性中），但是在此之前，它们的性能受到了限制。总体而言，新西兰海狮幼崽的潜水能力受到限制，这可能会限制其可觅食的栖息地以及在更深处获取食物的能力。为了有效管理这一正在下降的，对国家至关重要的物种，应考虑与成年幼体相比，幼体新西兰海狮的潜水能力较低，再加上针对幼体的限制。

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