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首页> 外文期刊>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. A >Intellectual property, plant breeding and the making of Mendelian genetics
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Intellectual property, plant breeding and the making of Mendelian genetics

机译：知识产权，植物育种和孟德尔遗传学的建立

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Advocates of "Mendelism" early on stressed the usefulness of Mendelian principles for breeders. Ever since, that usefulness-and the favourable opinion of Mendelism it supposedly engendered among breeders-has featured in explanations of the rapid rise of Mendelian genetics. An important counter-tradition of commentary, however, has emphasized the ways in which early Mendelian theory in fact fell short of breeders' needs. Attention to intellectual property, narrowly and broadly construed, makes possible an approach that takes both the tradition and the counter-tradition seriously, by enabling a more complete description of the theory-reality shortfall and a better understanding of how changing practices, on and off the Mendelians' experimental farms, functioned to render that shortfall unproblematic. In the case of plant breeding in Britain, a perennial source of lost profits and disputes over ownership was the appearance of individual plants departing from their varietal types-so-called "rogues." Mendelian plant varieties acquired a reputation for being rogue-free, and so for demonstrating the correctness of Mendelian principles (and the genius of Gregor Mendel), at a time when Mendelians were gradually taking control of the means for distributing their varieties. Mendelian breeders protected their products physically from rogue-inducing contamination in such a way that when rogues did appear, the default explanation-that contamination had somehow occurred-ensured that there was no threat to Mendelian principles.
机译：提倡“孟德尔主义”的人在早期就强调了孟德尔原则对育种者的有用性。从那时起，这种有用性以及据称在育种家中产生的孟德尔主义的有利观点就一直被用来解释孟德尔遗传学迅速崛起的原因。然而，一个重要的评论反传统强调了孟德尔早期理论实际上未能满足育种者需求的方式。对知识产权的狭义和广泛的理解，使得对理论和现实传统的缺失得以更完整的描述，并且更好地理解了如何改变和改变实践，这使得认真对待传统和反传统成为可能。孟德尔的实验农场发挥了作用，使这一短缺毫无问题。就英国的植物育种而言，利润流失和所有权争端的长期源头是个别植物的外观偏离其品种类型，即所谓的“流氓”。孟德尔植物变种因其无恶意行为而闻名，并因此证明了孟德尔原理（以及孟德尔格里高·孟德尔的天才）的正确性，而那时孟德尔逐渐控制了分配其品种的手段。孟德尔育种人员以物理方式保护其产品免受流氓诱导的污染，以致当流氓确实出现时，默认的解释（即某种程度上发生了污染）确保了对孟德尔原理没有威胁。

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