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Would competition between air transport and high-speed rail benefit environment and social welfare?

机译：航空运输与高铁之间的竞争会对环境和社会福利产生好处吗？

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We develop a duopoly model to analyze the impact of air transport and high-speed rail (HSR) competition on the environment and social welfare. We show that the introduction of HSR may have a net negative effect on the environment, since it may result in additional demand, i.e., there is a trade-off between the substitution effect and the traffic generation effect. Furthermore, if environmental externalities are taken into account when assessing social welfare, the surplus measure may be higher when only air transport Serves the market than when the two modes compete. When the airline and the HSR operator decide frequencies, the airline reduces the aircraft size in order to keep load factors high while offering lower frequency and carrying fewer passengers. In these circumstances, the introduction of HSR may be beneficial to the environment on a per seat basis only if the market size is large enough. When the HSR operator decides speed, it has incentive to keep it at the maximum level in order to reduce travel time. When the increase in the emissions of HSR due to the increase in the speed of the train is sufficiently high, the overall level of emissions grows after the introduction of HSR. Therefore, there can be a trade-off between the attractiveness of the service due to reduced travel time and the effects on the environment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：我们建立了双头垄断模型，以分析航空运输和高铁（HSR）竞争对环境和社会福利的影响。我们表明，高铁的引入可能会对环境产生负面影响，因为它可能导致额外的需求，即在替代效应和交通产生效应之间进行权衡。此外，如果在评估社会福利时考虑到环境外部性，那么仅航空运输服务市场时的盈余措施可能会比两种模式竞争时的盈余措施更高。当航空公司和HSR运营商确定航班频率时，航空公司会减小飞机尺寸，以保持较高的载客率，同时提供较低的航班频率并减少乘客人数。在这种情况下，只有在市场规模足够大的情况下，高铁的引入才可能对每个座位的环境有益。当高铁运营商决定速度时，它有动力将其保持在最高水平，以减少行驶时间。当由于火车速度的增加而导致的高铁排放量的增加足够高时，引入高铁后的总排放量就会增加。因此，在由于减少的旅行时间而引起的服务吸引力与对环境的影响之间可能需要权衡。 （C）2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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