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首页> 外文期刊>Progress in brain research >Brain preparations for maternity--adaptive changes in behavioral and neuroendocrine systems during pregnancy and lactation. An overview.
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Brain preparations for maternity--adaptive changes in behavioral and neuroendocrine systems during pregnancy and lactation. An overview.

机译：产妇的大脑准备-在怀孕和哺乳期间适应行为和神经内分泌系统的变化。概述。

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Pregnancy, parturition and lactation comprise a continuum of adaptive changes necessary for the development and maintenance of the offspring. The endocrine changes that are driven by the conceptus and are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy and are involved in the preparations for motherhood are outlined. These changes include large increases in the secretion of sex steroid hormones, and the secretion of peptide hormones that are unique to pregnancy. The ability of these pregnancy hormones to alter several aspects of brain function in pregnancy is considered, and the adaptive importance of some of these changes is discussed, for example in metabolic and body fluid adjustments, and the induction of maternal behavior. The importance of sex steroids in determining the timing of the various adaptive changes in preparing for parturition and maternal behavior is emphasized, and the concept that the actions of prolactin and oxytocin, quintessential mammalian motherhood neuropeptides, can serve to coordinate a spectrum of adaptive changes is discussed. The part played by oxytocin neurons and their regulatory mechanisms is reviewed to illustrate how neural systems involved in maternity are prepared in pregnancy via changes in phenotype, synaptic organization and in the relative importance of their different inputs, to function optimally when needed. For oxytocin neurons secreting from the posterior pituitary, important in parturition and essential in lactation, these changes include mechanisms to restrain their premature activation, and adaptations to support synchronized burst firing for pulsatile oxytocin secretion in response to stimulation via afferents from the birth canal, olfactory system or suckled nipples. Within the brain, expression of oxytocin receptors permits centrally released oxytocin to facilitate the expression of maternal behavior. Changes in other neuroendocrine systems are similarly extensive, leading to lactation, suppression of ovulation, reduced stress responses and increased appetite; these changes in lactation are driven by the suckling stimulus. The possible link between these adaptations and changes in cognition and mood in pregnancy and post partum are considered, as well as the dysfunctions that lead to common problems of depression and puerperal psychoses.
机译：怀孕，分娩和哺乳包括后代发育和维持所必需的适应性变化的连续过程。概述了受概念驱动的内分泌变化，这些变化对于维持妊娠至关重要，并且参与了孕产的准备工作。这些变化包括性类固醇激素的分泌大量增加，以及妊娠特有的肽激素的分泌。考虑了这些妊娠激素改变妊娠中脑功能的几个方面的能力，并讨论了其中一些变化的适应性重要性，例如在代谢和体液调节以及孕产妇行为的诱导中。强调了性类固醇在决定分娩和母体行为准备中各种适应性变化的时机上的重要性，而催乳素和催产素的作用（典型的哺乳动物母性神经肽）可以起到协调一系列适应性变化作用的观念是：讨论过。审查了催产素神经元的作用及其调节机制，以说明在妊娠期间如何通过表型，突触组织的变化及其不同输入的相对重要性来准备与孕妇相关的神经系统，以在需要时发挥最佳作用。对于从垂体后叶分泌的催产素神经元（在分娩中很重要，在泌乳中是必不可少的），这些变化包括抑制其过早激活的机制，以及通过响应来自产道，嗅觉的刺激，支持同步爆发式脉冲催产素分泌系统或乳头。在大脑中，催产素受体的表达可以使催产素集中释放，从而促进产妇行为的表达。其他神经内分泌系统的变化也同样广泛，导致泌乳，排卵受到抑制，应激反应减少和食欲增加;这些哺乳的变化是由哺乳刺激驱动的。考虑了这些适应与怀孕和产后认知和情绪变化之间的可能联系，以及导致抑郁症和产后精神病的常见问题的功能障碍。

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