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Threatening the heart and mind of gender stereotypes: Can imagined contact influence the physiology of stereotype threat?

机译：威胁性别刻板印象的心灵：想象中的接触会影响刻板印象威胁的生理机能吗？

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Research shows that when a gender stereotype is made salient and the target of the stereotype is asked to perform in the stereotyped domain, targets of the stereotype often perform at a lower level compared to situations when the stereotype was not made salient. The noticeable absence of female faculty and students in math and science departments at coed universities throughout the United States may increase the belief in gender stereotypes and discourage women from pursuing careers in these fields. Contact with counterstereotypical exemplars, such as female science experts, decreases belief in gender stereotypes and increases women's motivation to pursue careers in science. Thus, the present study examined whether imagining an interpersonal interaction with a counterstereotypical exemplar removes the physiological and performance effects of stereotype threat. Subjects were asked to imagine either a nature scene or meeting a female math professor, and were also assigned to either a control or stereotype threat condition. Imagination was used because studies have shown it to be an effective method of simulating interpersonal contact. Subjects were 139 young women (mean age 19 years) recruited from a pool of undergraduates. Results showed that the stereotype threat manipulation elicited greater vagal withdrawal and poorer working memory capacity during the n-back, and that vagal withdrawal was attenuated when the stereotype threat manipulation was preceded by a brief imagined interaction with a counterstereotypical exemplar. This study provides novel evidence that exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars can diminish cardiovascular reactions to salient information about threatening gender stereotypes.
机译：研究表明，当性别刻板印象变得突出并且要求刻板印象的目标在刻板印象领域中执行时，与没有使刻板印象变得突出的情况相比，刻板印象的目标通常表现出较低的水平。整个美国男女同校大学数学和科学系的女教师和学生人数明显不足，这可能会增加人们对性别定型观念的信念，并阻碍妇女从事这些领域的职业。与反典型的榜样（例如女性科学专家）的接触减少了对性别刻板印象的信仰，并增强了女性从事科学事业的动力。因此，本研究检查了想象与反刻板印象的人际互动是否会消除刻板印象威胁的生理和性能影响。要求受试者想象自然场景或与一位女数学教授会面，还被分配到控制或刻板印象威胁条件下。使用想象力是因为研究表明它是模拟人际交往的有效方法。研究对象是从一批本科生中招募的139名年轻女性（平均年龄19岁）。结果表明，刻板印象的威胁操纵会导致迷走神经退缩更大，而在n背期间的工作记忆能力较差;当刻板印象的威胁操纵发生之前，与反刻板印象的范例进行短暂的想象交互作用，迷走神经撤退会减弱。这项研究提供了新的证据表明，暴露于反刻板印象的样本可以减少心血管反应，以消除有关威胁性性别刻板印象的重要信息。

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