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首页> 外文期刊>Zoological Science >Rhinoceros Beetles Suffer Male-Biased Predation by Mammalian and Avian Predators
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Rhinoceros Beetles Suffer Male-Biased Predation by Mammalian and Avian Predators

机译：犀牛甲虫遭受哺乳动物和鸟类捕食者的雄性捕食

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Male sexually-selected traits often impose an increased risk of predation on their bearers, causing male-biased predation. We investigated whether males of the sap-feeding Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus were more susceptible to predation than females by comparing the morphology of beetles caught in bait traps with the remains of beetles found on the ground. The males of this species are larger than the females and have a horn on the head. We found that predation pressure was greater for males than for females, and that larger individuals of both sexes were more vulnerable to predation. We identified two predators, the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides and jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos, by monitoring sap-site trees with infrared video cameras. Raccoon dogs visited sap-site trees at night, while crows came after daybreak. The highest frequency of visits by both predators was observed in the first half of August, which matches the peak season of T. dichotomus. Raccoon dogs often left bite marks on the remains of prey, whereas crows did not. Bite marks were found on most of the remains collected at two distant localities, which suggested that predation by raccoon dogs is common. Size-and sex-dependent differences in the conspicuousness and active period of T. dichotomus probably explain these biased predation patterns. Our results suggest that having a large horn/body is costly in terms of the increased risk of predation. Predation cost may act as a stabilizing selection pressure against the further exaggeration of male sexual traits.
机译：雄性选择的性状通常会给其携带者带来被捕食的风险增加，从而导致雄性被捕食。我们通过比较诱饵陷阱中捕获的甲虫的形态与地面上发现的甲虫的残留物，调查了树液喂养的日本犀牛甲虫Trypoxylus dichotomus的雄性是否比雌性更易捕食。该物种的雄性比雌性大，头上有角。我们发现，男性的掠食压力要大于女性，而且更大的男女个体更容易遭受掠食。通过用红外摄像机监视树汁树，我们确定了两个掠食者，即dog狗Nyctereutes procyonoides和丛林乌鸦Corvus macrorhynchos。晚上，狗参观了树液现场的树木，而黎明后又出现了乌鸦。在8月上半月，这两个捕食者的探视次数最高，这恰好是天牛（T. dichotomus）的旺季。 acc狗经常在猎物的身上留下咬痕，而乌鸦则没有。在两个遥远的地方收集的大多数遗体上都发现有咬痕，这表明狗的捕食是很普遍的。规模和性别相关的差异在天牛的显眼性和活跃期可能解释了这些偏见的捕食模式。我们的结果表明，就更大的掠食风险而言，拥有较大的角/身体成本很高。捕食成本可能会成为稳定选择压力，以防止男性性特征的进一步夸大。

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