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首页> 外文期刊>Developmental biology >Evolutionary origin of the Otx2 enhancer for its expression in visceral endoderm.
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Evolutionary origin of the Otx2 enhancer for its expression in visceral endoderm.

机译：Otx2增强子在内脏内胚层中表达的进化起源。

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摘要

In the mouse, the Otx2 gene has been shown to play essential roles in the visceral endoderm during anterior-posterior axis formation and head induction. While these are primary processes in vertebrate embryogenesis, the visceral endoderm is a tissue unique to mammals. Two enhancers (VE and CM) have been previously found to direct Otx2 expression during early embryogenesis. This study demonstrates that in anterior visceral endoderm the CM enhancer does not have an activity by itself, but enhances the activity of the VE enhancer. These two enhancers also cooperate for the activities in anterior mesendoderm and cephalic mesenchyme. Comparative studies suggest that VE enhancer function was most likely established before the divergence of sarcopterygians into Actinistia, Dipnoi and tetrapods, while the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the VE enhancer was already present in the last common ancestor of bony fishes. The CM enhancer sequence and function would have been also established in ancestral sarcopterygians. The VE/CM enhancers and their gene cascades in the ancestral sarcopterygian head organizer would then have been co-opted by amphibian deep endoderm cells and mammalian visceral endoderm cells for the head development.
机译：在小鼠中，已显示Otx2基因在前后轴形成和头部诱导过程中在内脏内胚层中发挥重要作用。尽管这些是脊椎动物胚胎发生的主要过程，但内脏内胚层是哺乳动物特有的组织。先前已发现两种增强子（VE和CM）在早期胚胎发生过程中指导Otx2表达。这项研究表明，在内脏内胚层中，CM增强剂本身不具有活性，但是可以增强VE增强剂的活性。这两种增强剂还协同作用于前中胚层和头颅间质。比较研究表明，VE增强子的功能最可能是在翼翅目人分化为放线菌，Dipnoi和四足动物之前建立的，而与VE增强子相对应的核苷酸序列已经存在于骨鱼的最后共同祖先中。 CM增强子的序列和功能在祖先翼翅目动物中也已经建立。 VE / CM增强子及其在祖先翼龙目头部组织者中的基因级联将被两栖动物深层内胚层细胞和哺乳动物内脏内胚层细胞共同选择用于头部发育。

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