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A meta-analysis of sex differences in physical ability: Revised estimates and strategies for reducing differences in selection contexts

机译：身体能力性别差异的荟萃分析：减少选择背景差异的修订估算和策略

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Despite the wide use of physical ability tests for selection and placement decisions in physically demanding occupations, research has suggested that there are substantial male-female differences on the scores of such tests, contributing to adverse impact. In this study, we present updated, revised metaanalytic estimates of sex differences in physical abilities and test 3 moderators of these differences- selection system design, specificity of measurement, and training-in order to provide insight into possible methods of reducing sex differences on physical ability test scores. Findings revealed that males score substantially better on muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance tests but that there are no meaningful sex differences on movement quality tests. These estimates differ in several ways from past estimates. Results showed that sex differences are similar across selection systems that emphasize basic ability tests versus job simulations. Results also showed that sex differences are smaller for narrow dimensions of muscular strength and that there is substantial variance in the sex differences in muscular strength across different body regions. Finally, we found that training led to greater increases in performance for women than for men on both muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance tests. However, training reduced the male-female differences on muscular strengths tests only modestly and actually increased male-female differences on cardiovascular endurance. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on physical ability testing and adverse impact, as well as the practical implications of the results.
机译：尽管在对身体有严格要求的职业中，对于选择和安置决定广泛使用了身体能力测验，但研究表明，这种测验的分数存在很大的男女差异，造成了不利影响。在这项研究中，我们提出了最新的，经过修订的身体能力上性别差异的荟萃分析估计值，并测试了这些差异的3个调解人-选择系统设计，测量的特异性和培训-以提供减少物理上性别差异的可能方法的见解能力测试分数。研究结果表明，男性在肌肉力量和心血管耐力测试中得分明显更高，但在运动质量测试中没有有意义的性别差异。这些估计数与以往的估计数有不同。结果表明，在强调基本能力测试与工作模拟的选择系统之间，性别差异相似。结果还表明，对于较小尺寸的肌肉力量，性别差异较小，并且在不同身体部位的肌肉力量性别差异存在较大差异。最后，我们发现，在肌肉力量和心血管耐力测试上，与男性相比，训练能使女性的表现提高更多。但是，训练仅能适度地减少肌肉力量测试中的男女差异，而实际上会增加心血管耐力方面的男女差异。我们讨论了这些发现对身体能力测试和不利影响的研究意义，以及结果的实际意义。

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