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African origin of polyomavirus JC and implications for prehistoric human migrations

机译：多瘤病毒JC的非洲起源及其对史前人类迁徙的影响

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The presence of distinctive types of JC virus (JCV) in the main ethnic groups suggests a close coevolution with the human host. However, phylogenetic trees of JCV show a basal clade of European lineages (Types 1/4), whereas trees of human genes are coherent in placing the first split between African and non-African populations. This discrepancy places into question the effectiveness of JCV as a marker of human population history. The present study investigates the evolution of JCV using a large set of fully sequenced strains. Their relationships are first elucidated by principal coordinates analysis. It is suggested that Type 6 from West Africa could represent the ancestral type, while the peculiar phylogeny of Types 1/4 could reflect their direct origin from the ancestral lineage. Further credit to the African origin of JCV is provided by a neighbor-joining analysis based on slow-evolving sites. Sequence analysis of fast-evolving sites reveals that the deep emergence of Types 1/4 in the tree does not reflect a real evolutionary divergence; rather it is the implicit result of a remarkably different G + C content. The hypothesis that Types 1/4 originated directly from Type 6 is confirmed by examining the pattern of variation at a few specific fast-evolving sites. On the basis of this approach, a twofold exit of JCV from Africa is hypothesized: one in the direction of the Eurasian continent and another limited to Europe. These findings suggest that two distinct migrations of individuals played a key role in the peopling of Europe during prehistoric times. [References: 40]
机译：主要种族中JC病毒（JCV）的独特类型的存在表明与人类宿主的紧密进化。然而，JCV的系统发育树显示出欧洲血统的基础进化枝（类型1/4），而人类基因的树在将非洲人和非非洲人之间的第一个分裂处连贯一致。这种差异使人怀疑JCV作为人口历史标记的有效性。本研究使用大量完全测序的菌株研究了JCV的进化。首先通过主坐标分析来阐明它们之间的关系。有人认为，西非的6型可以代表祖先类型，而1/4型的特殊系统发育则可能反映出它们直接来自祖传世系。基于缓慢发展的站点的邻居加入分析为JCV的非洲起源提供了进一步的信誉。快速进化的位点的序列分析表明，树中1/4类型的深度出现并不能反映出真正的进化差异。相反，这是G + C含量明显不同的隐含结果。通过检查一些特定的快速演化位点的变异模式，可以证实1/4型直接起源于6型的假说。在这种方法的基础上，假设了合资企业从非洲的双重退出：一个是朝欧亚大陆的方向，另一个是向欧洲的方向。这些发现表明，在史前时期，两个不同的个体迁徙在欧洲的人口迁移中发挥了关键作用。 [参考：40]

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