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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Rural Studies >Whose property whose authority? Gendering the legal and customary practices in ownership and access to land: A case of Swat, Pakistan
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Whose property whose authority? Gendering the legal and customary practices in ownership and access to land: A case of Swat, Pakistan

机译：谁的财产是谁的权力？对所有权和土地使用权的法律和习惯做法进行性别分析：以巴基斯坦斯瓦特为例

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In South Asia, inheritance is often the vehicle that grants property rights to women.. Formal and customary laws govern women's inheritance rights, and the primary formal laws are heavily influenced by custom and religion. Gendered access to land and property rights is a debatable issue in Pakistan in general and in the Swat Valley in particular. In spite of a legal framework that deals with land administration and inheritance law, women remain a marginalized group. This study used a qualitative research design to investigate the in-depth gendered processes that occur around the settlement of land claims and rights in three villages from the lower, middle and upper Swat Valley in northwestern Pakistan. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions, critical analysis of secondary documents like historical drafts dealing with land management were the major sources of data. The paper begins by reviewing historical discourses around gendered access to land, and categorizes changes in the legal framework based upon the political changes that occurred in Swat after the merger with Pakistan in 1969. The paper challenges many narratives around the strict, traditional and religious Pukhtoon society, by unwrapping different issues, both societal and official, around women holding rights to land ownership. The study shows that custom often takes precedence over religious values, and that civil laws are compromised and settlements are made in the name of Pakhtoonwali(1) customs, legal procedures, and Sharia,(2) thus denying women their rights to hold land and enjoy the right to property. In many cases, women are used as tools by their relatives in order for them to gain access to property. This study clearly reveals the thin line between ownership, access and use of entitled property. Despite this gendered disparity, the research reveals gradual positive changes in the society regarding women's access to land and their ability to practice their rights, in the form of improved negotiation opportunities and increased awareness. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：在南亚，继承通常是赋予妇女财产权的工具。正式和习惯法支配着妇女的继承权，而主要的正式法律受到习俗和宗教的严重影响。在巴基斯坦，特别是在斯瓦特河谷，男女平等获得土地和财产权是一个有争议的问题。尽管有涉及土地管理和继承法的法律框架，但妇女仍然是边缘化群体。这项研究使用了定性研究设计，调查了巴基斯坦西北部斯瓦特河谷中，低和中上游三个村庄的土地索偿和权利解决过程中发生的深入的性别平等过程。深入访谈，焦点小组讨论，对次要文件（例​​如涉及土地管理的历史草案）的批判性分析是数据的主要来源。本文首先回顾了有关以性别方式获得土地的历史论述，并根据1969年与巴基斯坦合并后的斯瓦特发生的政治变化，对法律框架的变化进行了分类。该论文对围绕严格，传统和宗教的普克图文的​​许多叙述提出了挑战通过围绕拥有土地所有权的妇女的社会问题和官方问题展开各种讨论。研究表明，习俗通常优先于宗教价值观，民法受到损害，以巴赫图瓦利（1）习俗，法律程序和伊斯兰教法（2）的名义定居，因此剥夺了妇女拥有土地和土地的权利。享有财产权。在许多情况下，妇女被其亲戚用作工具，以便她们获得财产。这项研究清楚地揭示了所有权，使用权和使用权之间的界线。尽管存在性别差异，但研究表明，社会以妇女获得土地的权利及其行使权利的能力为代表，以逐渐改善的谈判机会和提高的认识逐步发生了积极变化。 （C）2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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