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Deforestation trends in a tropical landscape and implications for endangered large mammals

机译：热带景观中的森林砍伐趋势及其对濒危大型哺乳动物的影响

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The remarkable large-mammal fauna of the Indonesian island of Sumatra is one of the most endangered on Earth and is threatened by rampant deforestation. We used remote sensing and biological surveys to study the effects of deforestation on populations of endangered large mammals in a Sumatran landscape. We measured forest loss and created a predictive model of deforestation for Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park and an unprotected buffer area based on satellite images between 1985 and 1999. We used automatic cameras to determine the distribution and relative abundance of tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae ), elephants ( Elephas maximus ), rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ), and tapirs ( Tapir indicus ). Between 1985 and 1999, forest loss within the park averaged 2% per year. A total of 661 km (2) of forest disappeared inside the park, and 318 km (2) were lost in a 10-km buffer, eliminating forest outside the park. Lowland forest disappeared faster than hill/montane forest ( by a factor of 6 ) and forests on gentle slopes disappeared faster than forests on steep slopes ( by a factor of 16 ). Most forest conversion resulted from agricultural development, leading to predictions that by 2010 70% of the park will be in agriculture and that by 2036 lowland forest habitat will be eliminated. Camera-trap data indicated avoidance of forest boundaries by tigers, rhinoceroses ( up to 2 km ), and elephants ( up to 3 km ). Classification of forest into core and peripheral forest based on mammal distribution suggests that, by 2010, core forest area for tigers and rhinoceros will be fragmented and reduced to 20% of remaining forest. Core forest area for elephants will be reduced to 0.5% of remaining forest. Halting forest loss has proven one of the most difficult and complex problems faced by Indonesia's conservation agencies today and will require a mix of enforcement, wise land-use strategies, increased education, capacity to manage, and new financing mechanisms. [References: 50]
机译：印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛上非凡的大型哺乳动物动物是地球上最濒危的动物之一，并受到猖ramp的森林砍伐的威胁。我们使用遥感和生物学调查研究了森林砍伐对苏门答腊风景中濒临灭绝的大型哺乳动物种群的影响。我们测量了森林的损失，并根据1985年至1999年之间的卫星图像，建立了武吉巴里山Selatan国家公园和未保护缓冲区的森林砍伐预测模型。我们使用自动摄像头确定了老虎的分布和相对丰富度（Panthera tigris sumatrae），大象（Elephas maximus），犀牛（Dicerorhinus sumatrensis）和tap（Tapir indicus）。从1985年到1999年，公园内的森林平均每年损失2％。公园内总共消失了661公里（2）的森林，而在10公里的缓冲区中损失了318公里（2），从而消除了公园外的森林。低地森林的消失速度比丘陵/山地森林快（6倍），平缓山坡的森林比陡峭山坡上的森林（16倍）消失得更快。大部分森林转换是由农业发展引起的，因此可以预测，到2010年，公园的70％将用于农业，到2036年，低地森林栖息地将被消除。相机捕获的数据表明，老虎，犀牛（长达2公里）和大象（长达3公里）避开了森林边界。根据哺乳动物的分布将森林分为核心森林和边缘森林，这表明到2010年，老虎和犀牛的核心森林面积将被分割，并减少到剩余森林的20％。大象的核心森林面积将减少到剩余森林的0.5％。遏制森林流失已被证明是当今印度尼西亚保护机构面临的最困难和最复杂的问题之一，将需要执法，明智的土地利用战略，增强的教育，管理能力以及新的融资机制的结合。 [参考：50]

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