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Trait differences between naturalized and invasive plant species independent of residence time and phylogeny

机译：归化和入侵植物物种之间的性状差异与居留时间和系统发育无关

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The ability to predict which alien plants will transition from naturalized to invasive prior to their introduction to novel regions is a key goal for conservation and has the potential to increase the efficacy of weed risk assessment (WRA). However, multiple factors contribute to plant invasion success (e.g., functional traits, range characteristics, residence time, phylogeny), and they all must be taken into account simultaneously in order to identify meaningful correlates of invasion success. We compiled 146 pairs of phylogenetically paired (congeneric) naturalized and invasive plant species in Australia with similar minimum residence times (i.e., time since introduction in years). These pairs were used to test for differences in 5 functional traits (flowering duration, leaf size, maximum height, specific leaf area [SLA], seed mass) and 3 characteristics of species' native ranges (biome occupancy, mean annual temperature, and rainfall breadth) between naturalized and invasive species. Invasive species, on average, had larger SLA, longer flowering periods, and were taller than their congeneric naturalized relatives. Invaders also exhibited greater tolerance for different environmental conditions in the native range, where they occupied more biomes and a wider breadth of rainfall and temperature conditions than naturalized congeners. However, neither seed mass nor leaf size differed between pairs of naturalized and invasive species. A key finding was the role of SLA in distinguishing between naturalized and invasive pairs. Species with high SLA values were typically associated with faster growth rates, more rapid turnover of leaf material, and shorter lifespans than those species with low SLA. This suite of characteristics may contribute to the ability of a species to transition from naturalized to invasive across a wide range of environmental contexts and disturbance regimes. Our findings will help in the refinement of WRA protocols, and we advocate the inclusion of quantitative traits, in particular SLA, into the WRA schemes.
机译：能够预测哪些外来植物在引入新地区之前将从自然化过渡到入侵的能力，这是保护植物的关键目标，并且具有提高杂草风险评估（WRA）功效的潜力。然而，多种因素有助于植物入侵成功（例如，功能性状，范围特征，停留时间，系统发育），并且必须同时考虑所有这些因素，以鉴定入侵成功的有意义的关联。我们在澳大利亚编辑了146对系统发育配对的（同系）归化和入侵植物物种，它们具有相似的最小停留时间（即自引入多年以来的时间）。这些对用于测试5种功能性状（开花时间，叶大小，最大高度，比叶面积[SLA]，种子质量）和物种原生范围的3个特征（生物组占有率，年平均温度和降雨量）的差异。宽度）在归化物种和入侵物种之间。平均而言，外来入侵物种的SLA较大，开花期更长，并且比同属的近缘种更高。入侵者还表现出对自然环境中不同环境条件的更大耐受力，与自然同源物相比，入侵者占据了更多的生物群落，降雨和温度条件的范围更广。但是，成对的和入侵的物种对之间的种子质量和叶片大小都没有差异。一个关键发现是SLA在区分自然对和侵入对之间的作用。具有SLA值高的物种通常比具有低SLA的物种具有更快的生长速度，更快的叶片材料周转率和更短的寿命。这一系列特征可能有助于物种在广泛的环境环境和干扰机制下从自然过渡到入侵的能力。我们的发现将有助于改善WRA协议，并且我们主张将定量特征（特别是SLA）纳入WRA计划。

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