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Environmental Uncertainty and the Global Biogeography of Cooperative Breeding in Birds

机译：环境不确定性和鸟类合作繁殖的全球生物地理学

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Understanding why organisms as different as amoebas, ants, and birds cooperate remains an important question in evolutionary biology. Although ecology can influence cooperation and conflict within animal societies and has been implicated in species differences in sociality [1], the environmental predictors of sociality across broad geographic and taxonomic scales remain poorly understood [2]. In particular, the importance of temporal variation in selection pressure has been underestimated in most evolutionary studies [[3] and [4]]. Environmental uncertainty resulting from climatic variation is likely to be an important driver of temporal variation in selection pressure and therefore is expected to impact the evolution of behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits, including cooperation [5]. Using a data set of over 95% of the world's birds, we examine the global geography and environmental, biotic, and historical biogeographic predictors of avian social behavior. We find dramatic spatial variation in social behavior for which environmental and biotic factors - namely, among-year environmental variability in precipitation - are important predictors. Although the clear global biogeographic structure in avian social behavior carries a strong signal of evolutionary history, environmental uncertainty plays an additional key role in explaining the incidence and distribution of avian cooperative breeding behavior. Highlights: Birds exhibit dramatic worldwide geographic variation in social behavior Variation in sociality is explained by environmental variability and clade history Among-year precipitation variation is a strong environmental predictor of sociality Cooperative breeding is a flexible strategy to respond to environmental uncertainty
机译：理解为什么变形虫，蚂蚁和鸟类等不同的生物为什么会协作，仍然是进化生物学中的一个重要问题。尽管生态学可以影响动物社会内部的合作与冲突，并且已经牵涉到社会上的物种差异[1]，但是在广泛的地理和分类范围内，社会学的环境预测指标仍然知之甚少[2]。特别是，大多数进化研究[3]和[4]中低估了选择压力随时间变化的重要性。气候变化导致的环境不确定性可能是选择压力随时间变化的重要驱动因素，因此有望影响行为，形态和生理特征的演变，包括合作[5]。我们使用全球超过95％的鸟类的数据集，研究了全球地理以及鸟类社会行为的环境，生物和历史生物地理预测因子。我们发现社会行为的剧烈空间变化，对于这些变化，环境和生物因素（即年内降水的环境变化）是重要的预测指标。尽管禽类社会行为中清晰的全球生物地理结构带有强烈的进化历史信号，但环境不确定性在解释禽类合作繁殖行为的发生和分布方面起着关键作用。亮点：鸟类在全球范围内表现出剧烈的社会行为变异社会变异是由环境变异性和进化史来解释的。年降水量变化是社会性的重要环境预测指标合作育种是应对环境不确定性的灵活策略

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