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Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms

机译：胃肠道防御机制

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Purpose of reviewTo summarize and illuminate the recent findings regarding gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms and the specific biomolecules involved in regulating this process, such as glucagon-like peptides (GLPs).Recent findingsThere has been a growing interest in luminal nutrient chemosensing and its physiological effects throughout the digestive system. From the ingestion of food in the oral cavity to the processing and absorption of nutrients in the intestines, nutrient chemosensing receptors signal the production and release of numerous bioactive peptides from enteroendocrine cells, such as the proglucagon-derived peptides. There has been a major emphasis on two proglucagon-derived peptides, namely GLP-1 and GLP-2, due to their apparent beneficial effect on gut structure, function, and on metabolic processes. As an incretin, GLP-1 not only enhances the effect and release of insulin on pancreatic cells but also has been implicated in having trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. In addition, GLP-2, the other major proglucagon-derived peptide, has potent intestinotrophic effects, such as increasing the rate of mucosal stem cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow, and fluid absorption, as well as augmenting the rate of duodenal bicarbonate secretion to improve gastric mucosal health and longevity.SummaryUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying nutrient chemosensing and how it relates to GLP release can further elucidate how the gut functions in response to cellular changes and disturbances. Furthermore, a more in-depth comprehension of GLP release and its tissue-specific effects will help improve the utility of GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonists in clinical settings. This, in turn, should help patients suffering from intestinal failure, malabsorption, and mucosal injury.
机译：综述的目的总结和阐明有关胃十二指肠粘膜防御机制和调节此过程的特定生物分子的最新发现，例如胰高血糖素样肽（GLP）。消化系统。从口腔中的食物摄入到肠道中营养物质的处理和吸收，营养物质化学感受器受体可以从肠内分泌细胞中产生和释放出多种生物活性肽，例如胰高血糖素衍生肽。由于它们对肠道结构，功能和代谢过程具有明显的有益作用，因此主要强调了胰高血糖素衍生的两种肽，即GLP-1和GLP-2。作为肠降血糖素，GLP-1不仅增强了胰岛素对胰腺细胞的作用和释放，而且还暗示了其对肠上皮具有营养作用。此外，另一种主要的胰高血糖素衍生肽GLP-2具有强效的肠道营养作用，例如增加粘膜干细胞增殖，粘膜血流量和体液吸收率，以及增加十二指肠碳酸氢根分泌至总结了解营养物化学感知的潜在机制及其与GLP释放的关系可进一步阐明肠道如何响应细胞变化和干扰而发挥作用。此外，对GLP释放及其组织特异性作用的更深入了解将有助于提高GLP-1和GLP-2受体激动剂在临床中的效用。反过来，这应有助于患有肠功能衰竭，吸收不良和粘膜损伤的患者。

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