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Development and evolution of gut structures: from molecules to function

机译：肠道结构的开发和演变：从分子到功能

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The emergence of a specialized system for food digestion and nutrient absorption was a crucial innovation for multicellular organisms. Digestive systems with different levels of complexity evolved in different animals, with the endoderm-derived one-way gut of most bilaterians to be the prevailing and more specialized form. While the molecular events regulating the early phases of embryonic tissue specification have been deeply investigated in animals occupying different phylogenetic positions, the mechanisms underlying gut patterning and gut-associated structures differentiation are still mostly obscure. In this review, we describe the main discoveries in gut and gut-associated structures development in echinoderm larvae (mainly for sea urchin and, when available, for sea star) and compare them with existing information in vertebrates. An impressive degree of conservation emerges when comparing the transcription factor toolkits recruited for gut cells and tissue differentiation in animals as diverse as echinoderms and vertebrates, thus suggesting that their function emerged in the deuterostome ancestor.
机译：用于食物消化和营养吸收的专业系统的出现是多细胞生物的重要创新。不同含量的复杂程度的消化系统在不同的动物中进化，内胚层衍生的单向肠道是大多数二聚体的单向肠道是主要的和更专业的形式。虽然在占据不同系统发育位置的动物中，调节胚胎组织规范早期阶段的分子事件，但肠图案化和肠道相关结构分化的机制仍然是模糊的。在这篇综述中，我们描述了Echinoderm幼虫（主要用于海胆的肠道相关结构发育中的主要发现（适用于海壁板），并将其与脊椎动物中的现有信息进行比较。当比较肠道细胞和动物中的组织分化的转录因子工具时，令人印象深刻的保护程度出现了像棘鱼和脊椎动物一样的动物，因此表明他们的功能在氘核祖先中出现。

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