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In silico models of aerosol delivery to the respiratory tract - Development and applications

机译：气溶胶输送到呼吸道的计算机模型-开发和应用

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摘要

This review discusses the application of computational models to simulate the transport and deposition of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols from the site of particle or droplet formation to deposition within the respiratory tract. Traditional one-dimensional (1-D) whole-lung models are discussed briefly followed by a more in-depth review of three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The review of CFD models is organized into sections covering transport and deposition within the inhaler device, the extrathoracic (oral and nasal) region, conducting airways, and alveolar space. For each section, a general review of significant contributions and advancements in the area of simulating pharmaceutical aerosols is provided followed by a more in-depth application or case study that highlights the challenges, utility, and benefits of in silico models. Specific applications presented include the optimization of an existing spray inhaler, development of charge-targeted delivery, specification of conditions for optimal nasal delivery, analysis of a new condensational delivery approach, and an evaluation of targeted delivery using magnetic aerosols. The review concludes with recommendations on the need for more refined model validations, use of a concurrent experimental and CFD approach for developing aerosol delivery systems, and development of a stochastic individual path (SIP) model of aerosol transport and deposition throughout the respiratory tract.
机译：这篇综述讨论了计算模型在模拟吸入的药物气雾从颗粒或液滴形成的位置到呼吸道内的沉积的运输和沉积过程中的应用。简要讨论了传统的一维（1-D）全肺模型，然后更深入地回顾了三维（3-D）计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟。 CFD模型的回顾分为多个部分，涵盖了吸入器设备，胸外（口腔和鼻腔）区域，导气管和肺泡腔内的运输和沉积。对于每个部分，将对模拟气雾剂领域中的重大贡献和进展进行一般性综述，然后进行更深入的应用或案例研究，以突出计算机模型的挑战，实用性和优势。提出的具体应用包括对现有喷雾吸入器的优化，针对电荷的输送的开发，最佳鼻腔输送的条件规范，新的凝结输送方法的分析以及使用磁性气雾剂对目标输送的评估。审查结束时提出了以下建议：需要进行更精细的模型验证，使用并发实验和CFD方法开发气溶胶输送系统以及开发整个呼吸道内气溶胶运输和沉积的随机个体路径（SIP）模型。

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