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首页> 外文期刊>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group >Testing models of step formation against observations of channel steps in a steep mountain stream
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Testing models of step formation against observations of channel steps in a steep mountain stream

机译：陡峭山区溪流中沟道步骤观测的阶梯形成模型

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Steep streams often feature a step-pool morphology where the steps determine channel stability and dissipate the stream's energy, and thus are important for local flow hydraulics and bedload transport. Steps also play a key-role for the coupling of channels and adjacent hillslopes by controlling hillslope stability. Although step-pool systems have been investigated in various modelling and experimental efforts, the processes of step formation and destruction remain under debate. Theories of step formation consider a wide range of dominant drivers and fall into three groups favouring hydraulic controls (HC), granular interactions during flow (GI) or random drivers (RD) as relevant factors for step location. A direct evaluation of these models with field observations is challenging, as step formation cannot be directly observed. Based on the physical mechanisms of the various formation models we derive diagnostic morphometric parameters and test them with a field data set from a steep stream in Switzerland. Our results suggest that one class of alluvial steps form due to jamming in narrow and narrowing sections of the channel, while steps in wide and widening sections form around rarely mobile keystones. These two models of step formation apply in our study reach at the same time in different locations of the channel. A third class of steps is forced by logs. Such steps are typically located close to the original growth position of the tree and therefore reflect strong channel-hillslope coupling. Wood-forced steps make up a minor fraction of the step population, but contribute significantly to the cumulative step height and are therefore relevant to reach-scale flow resistance of the channel. (c) 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
机译：陡流通常具有阶梯池形态，在步骤中，步骤确定信道稳定性并消散流的能量，因此对局部流动液压和床单运输很重要。步骤还通过控制Hillslope稳定性来播放通道和邻近山坡耦合的关键作用。虽然已经在各种建模和实验努力中进行了阶梯池系统，但阶梯形成和破坏的过程仍然在辩论下仍然存在。阶梯形成的理论考虑了各种主导司机，并落入有利于液压控制（HC），流量（GI）或随机司机（RD）期间的粒状相互作用作为步进位置的相关因子。具有现场观测的这些模型的直接评估是具有挑战性的，因为不能直接观察到阶梯形成。基于各种形成模型的物理机制，我们推导了诊断形态测量参数，并用瑞士陡流的现场数据测试它们。我们的研究结果表明，由于在通道的狭窄和狭窄部分中干扰，一类发生的冲积步骤形式，而宽和扩大部分的步骤则围绕着很少的移动钥匙性。这两种阶梯形成在我们的研究中适用于频道不同位置的同时达到。日志强制了第三类步数。这种步骤通常位于靠近树的原始生长位置，因此反射强通道山坡耦合。木制强制措施弥补了阶梯群的少量分数，但对累积步长贡献贡献，因此与通道的达到尺度稳定的流动性有关。 （c）2019 John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd。

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