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Effect of solid-solution softening of crystalline materials: Review

机译：晶体材料的固溶软化效果：综述

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摘要

The phenomenon of softening of crystalline materials by alloying, which is promising for controlling mechanical properties of materials, is due to the occurrence of an additional channel of facilitated formation of dislocation kinks at impurity centers. This effect is related to the kink mechanism of dislocation motion. Hence, a range of materials that are capable of softening can be singled out: metals with a bcc structure, semiconductors, ceramic materials, intermetallic compounds, etc. A unified basis for description of softening regularities is given by the phenomenological theory. This theory predicts many properties that are general for all materials under consideration: the range of strength characteristics of impurities capable of softening crystals, limiting possibilities of softening at the optimal choice of the components, etc. The theory, supplemented with the knowledge of some material constants (determined from microscopic calculations or, even better, from experiment), makes it possible to calculate the temperature and concentration dependences of the yield stress and other parameters measured in mechanical tests.
机译：通过合金化使晶体材料软化的现象有望用于控制材料的机械性能，这是由于在杂质中心处形成了有助于形成位错纽结的附加通道。这种效应与位错运动的扭结机制有关。因此，可以选择出一系列能够软化的材料：具有bcc结构的金属，半导体，陶瓷材料，金属间化合物等。现象学理论为描述软化规律性提供了统一的基础。该理论预测了所考虑的所有材料的许多通用特性：能够软化晶体的杂质的强度特性范围，限制在最佳组分选择条件下软化的可能性等。该理论以某些材料的知识为补充常数（由微观计算确定，或者甚至更好由实验确定），使得可以计算屈服应力和在机械测试中测量的其他参数的温度和浓度依赖性。

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