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首页> 外文期刊>Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences >Chloroplast genetic engineering: Recent advances and future perspectives
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Chloroplast genetic engineering: Recent advances and future perspectives

机译：叶绿体基因工程：最新进展和未来展望

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Chloroplast genetic engineering offers a number of unique advantages, including a high-level of transgene expression, multi-gene engineering in a single transformation event, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, lack of gene silencing, position an pleiotropic effects, and undesirable foreign DNA. Thus far, over forty transgenes have been stably integrated and expressed via the tobacco chloroplast genome to confer important agronomic traits, as well as express industrially valuable biomaterials and therapeutic proteins. The hyperexpression of recombinant proteins within plastid engineered systems offers a cost effective solution for using plants as bioreactors. Additionally, the presence of chaperones and enzymes within the chloroplast help to assemble complex multisubunit proteins and correctly fold proteins containing disulfide bonds, thereby drastically reducing the costs of in vitro processing. Oral delivery of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague, and canine parvovirus are made possible because of the high expression levels and antibiotic-free selection systems available in plastid transformation systems. Plastid genetic engineering also has become a powerful tool for basic research in plastid biogenesis and function. This approach has helped to unveil a wealth of information about plastid DNA replication origins, intron maturases, translation elements and proteolysis, import of proteins and several other processes. Although many successful examples of plastid engineering have set a foundation for various future applications, this technology has not been extended to many of the major crops. Highly efficient plastid transformation has been recently accomplished via somatic embryogenesis using species-specific chloroplast vectors in soybean, carrot, and cotton. Transgenic carrots were able to withstand salt concentrations that only halophytes could tolerate; more than twice the effectiveness of other engineering attempts. Recent advances in plastid engineering provide an efficient platform for the production of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and biomaterials using an environmentally friendly approach. This review takes an in-depth look into the state of the art in plastid engineering and offers directions for further research and development.
机译：叶绿体基因工程具有许多独特的优势，包括高水平的转基因表达，单个转化事件中的多基因工程，通过母体遗传产生的转基因抑制，基因沉默，定位多效性以及不良的外源DNA。迄今为止，已经通过烟草叶绿体基因组稳定整合并表达了四十多个转基因，以赋予重要的农艺性状，并表达了工业上有价值的生物材料和治疗性蛋白质。质体工程系统中重组蛋白的过表达为使用植物作为生物反应器提供了一种经济高效的解决方案。另外，叶绿体中伴侣蛋白和酶的存在有助于组装复杂的多亚基蛋白并正确折叠含有二硫键的蛋白，从而大大降低了体外加工的成本。由于在质体转化系统中具有高表达水平和无抗生素选择系统，因此可以口服递送针对霍乱，破伤风，炭疽，鼠疫和犬细小病毒的疫苗抗原。质体基因工程也已成为质体生物发生和功能基础研究的有力工具。这种方法有助于揭示大量有关质体DNA复制起源，内含子成熟酶，翻译元件和蛋白水解，蛋白质导入和其他过程的信息。尽管质体工程的许多成功实例为将来的各种应用奠定了基础，但该技术尚未扩展到许多主要农作物。最近，通过使用大豆，胡萝卜和棉花中的物种特异性叶绿体载体，通过体细胞胚发生完成了高效的质体转化。转基因胡萝卜能够耐受盐生植物只能忍受的盐浓度。效率是其他工程尝试的两倍以上。质体工程学的最新进展为使用环保方法生产治疗性蛋白质，疫苗和生物材料提供了有效的平台。这篇综述深入研究了质体工程的最新技术，并为进一步的研究和开发提供了方向。

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