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首页> 外文期刊>Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review >IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES, ALGAE AND SEAGRASS: A GLOBAL REVIEW FROM AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
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IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES, ALGAE AND SEAGRASS: A GLOBAL REVIEW FROM AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE

机译：海洋无脊椎动物，藻类和海草的石油泄漏的影响与环境风险：澳大利亚视角的全球综述

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Marine invertebrates and macrophytes are sensitive to the toxic effects of oil. Depending on the intensity, duration and circumstances of the exposure, they can suffer high levels of initial mortality together with prolonged sublethal effects that can act at individual, population and community levels. Under some circumstances, recovery from these impacts can take years to decades. However, effects are variable because some taxa are less sensitive than others, and many factors can mitigate the degree of exposure, meaning that impacts are moderate in many cases, and recovery occurs within a few years. Exposure is affected by a myriad of factors including: type and amount of oil, extent of weathering, persistence of exposure, application of dispersants or other clean-up measures, habitat type, temperature and depth, species present and their stage of development or maturity, and processes of recolonisation, particularly recruitment. Almost every oil spill is unique in terms of its impact because of differing levels of exposure and the type of habitats, communities and species assemblages in the receiving environment. Between 1970 and February 2017, there were 51 significant oil spills in Australia. Five occurred offshore with negligible likely or expected impacts. Of the others, only 24 of the spills were studied in detail, while 19 had only cursory or no assessment despite the potential for oil spills to impact the marine environment. The majority were limited to temperate waters, although 10 of the 14 spills since 2000 were in tropical coastal or offshore areas, seven were in north Queensland in areas close to the Great Barrier Reef. All four spills that have occurred from offshore petroleum industry infrastructure have occurred since 2009. In Australia, as elsewhere, a prespill need exists to assess the risk of a spill, establish environmental baselines, determine the likely exposure of the receiving environment, and test the toxicity of the oil against key animal and plant species in the area of potential impact. Subsequent to any spill, the baseline provides a reference for targeted impact monitoring.
机译：海洋无脊椎动物和宏观物质对油的毒性作用敏感。根据暴露的强度，持续时间和情况，它们可以遭受高水平的初始死亡率，以及可在个人，人口和社区层面采取的长期核对效应。在某些情况下，从这些影响中恢复可能需要数十年的时间。然而，效果是可变的，因为一些分类群不如其他分类群，而且许多因素可以减轻曝光程度，这意味着在许多情况下，影响的影响是缓和的，并且在几年内恢复发生。曝光受到无数因素的影响，包括：石油的类型和量，风化程度，暴露的持续性，分散剂的应用或其他清理措施，栖息地类型，温度和深度，物种存在的物种及其发展阶段或其发展阶段和重新组织的过程，特别是招聘。由于接受环境的曝光率和栖息地，社区和物种组合的不同程度，几乎每次溢油都是独一无二的。在1970年至2017年2月期间，澳大利亚有51个重要的石油泄漏。五个发生了离岸，可能会忽略或预期的影响。在其他人中，只有24个泄漏，虽然19只有诸如臭氧或没有评估，尽管漏油机会影响海洋环境。大多数人仅限于温带水域，虽然自2000年以来的14次溢出中的10个是热带沿海或近海地区的10个，但是七个位于北昆士兰，靠近大堡礁。自2009年自2009年以来，所有四种溢出都发生在海上石油工业基础设施。在澳大利亚，在别处，需要预设预算来评估泄漏，建立环境基线的风险，确定接收环境的可能暴露，并测试毒性对潜在影响领域的毒性和植物物种的毒性。在任何泄漏之后，基线提供了针对目标影响监测的参考。

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