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Microbiological, chemical and physical quality of drinking water for commercial turkeys: a cross-sectional study

机译：用于商业火鸡饮用水的微生物，化学和物质：横断面研究

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摘要

Drinking water for poultry is not subject to particular microbiological, chemical and physical requirements, thereby representing a potential transmission route for pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants and/or becoming unsuitable for watera-dministered medications. This study assessed the microbiological, chemical and physical drinking water quality of 28 turkey farms in North-Eastern Italy: 14 supplied with tap water (TW) and 14 with well water (WW). Water salinity, hardness, pH, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, chromium, copper and iron levels were also assessed. Moreover, total bacterial count at 22'C, presence and enumeration of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli, presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were quantified. A water sample was collected in winter and in summer at 3 sampling sites: the water source (A), the beginning (B) and the end (C) of the nipple line (168 samples in total). Chemical and physical quality of both TW and WW sources was mostly within the limits of TW for humans. However, high levels of hardness and iron were evidenced in both sources. In WW vs. TW, sulphate and salinity levels were significantly higher, whilst pH and nitrate levels were significantly lower. At site A, microbiological quality of WW and TW was mostly within the limit of TW for humans. However, both sources had a significantly lower microbiological quality at sites B and C. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Kentucky was isolated only twice from WW. Campylobacter spp. were rarely isolated (3.6% of farms); however, Campylobacter spp. farm-level prevalence by real-time PCR was up to 43% for both water sources. Winter posed at higher risk than summer for Campylobacter spp. presence in water, whereas no significant associations were found with water source, site, recirculation system, and turkey age. Low salinity and high hardness were significant risk factors for C. coli and C. jejuni presence, respectively. These results show the need of improving sanitization of drinking water pipelines for commercial turkeys.
机译：家禽的饮用水不受特定的微生物，化学和物理要求，从而代表致病微生物和污染物的潜在传输路线和/或不适合水疗中的药物。本研究评估了意大利东北部28位土耳其农场的微生物，化学和物理饮用水质量：14提供自来水（TW）和14，带有井水（WW）。还评估了水盐度，硬度，pH，氨，硫酸盐，磷酸盐，硝酸盐，铬，铜和铁水平。此外，22'C的总细菌计数，肠球菌SPP的存在和计数。和大肠杆菌，Salmonella spp的存在。和Campylobacter SPP。量化。在冬季和夏季收集水样在3个采样点：水源（A），乳头线的开始（B）和末端（总共168个样品）。 TW和WW源的化学和物理质量主要是人类的极限。然而，两个来源都证明了高水平的硬度和铁。在WW Vs. Tw中，硫酸盐和盐度水平显着升高，而pH和硝酸盐水平显着降低。在现场A中，WW和TW的微生物质量主要在对人类的极限范围内。然而，两个来源在B和C.Salmonella肠胚胎中具有显着降低的微生物质量。 Enteica Serotype Kentucky仅从WW隔离两次。 Campylobacter SPP。很少被隔绝（3.6％的农场）;但是，Campylobacter SPP。水源实时PCR的农业水平患病率高达43％。冬季以夏季为夏季为夏天举办的冬季。在水中存在，而没有任何重要的关联，水源，现场，再循环系统和土耳其时代。低盐度和高硬度分别是C. Coli和C.Jejuni存在的显着风险因素。这些结果表明需要改善商业火鸡饮用水管道的消毒。

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