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African elephant genetics: enigmas and anomalies

机译：非洲大象遗传学：谜和异常

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During the last two decades, our understanding of the genetics of African elephant populations has greatly increased. Strong evidence, both morphological and genetic, supports recognition of two African elephant species: the savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the forest elephant (L. cyclotis). Among elephantids, phylogeographic patterns for mitochondrialDNA are highly incongruent with those detected using nuclear DNA markers, and this incongruence is almost certainly due to strongly male-biased gene flow in elephants. As our understanding of elephant population genetics has grown, a number of observations may be considered enigmatic or anomalous. Here, several of these are discussed. (i) There are a number of within-species morphological differences purported to exist among elephants in different geographic regions, which would be difficult to reconcile with the low genetic differentiation among populations. (ii) Forest elephants have a higher effective population size than savanna elephants, with nuclear genetic markers much more diverse in the forest elephants than savanna elephants, yet this finding would need to be reconciled with the life history of the two species. (iii) The savanna and forest elephants hybridize and produce fertile offspring, yet fullgenome analysis of individuals distant from the hybrid zone suggests that gene flow has been effectively sterilized for at least 500,000 years. (iv) There are unexplored potential ramifications of the unusual mito-nuclear patterns among elephants. These questions are considered in light of high male and low female dispersal in elephants, higher variance of reproductive success among males than females, and of habitat changes driven by glacial cycles and human activity.
机译：在过去的二十年中，我们对非洲大象种群的遗传学的理解大大增加。有力的证据，形态和遗传，支持对两种非洲大象种类的认可：大草原大象（Loxodonta Africana）和森林大象（L. cyclotis）。在大象中，对线粒体的Phylogeography模式具有使用核DNA标记检测到的那些，并且这种不一致肯定是由于大象中强的雄性偏向的基因流动。随着我们对大象种群遗传学的理解生长，可能被视为神秘或异常的观察结果。在这里，讨论了几个。 （i）在不同地理区域的大象中，存在许多物种内部形态学差异，这将难以调和群体的低遗传分化。 （ii）森林大象的人口大小比粮草大象更高，核遗传标记在森林大象中比粮草大象更多样化，但这种发现需要与两种物种的生命史进行规范。 （iii）大草原和森林大象杂交和产生肥沃的后代，但从杂交区的遥远的个体的全簇分析表明，基因流动已得到有效地消毒至少500,000年。 （iv）大象中不寻常的Mito核模式有未探究潜在的影响。这些问题是鉴于大象的高雄性和低女性分散，比女性比女性更高的生殖成功的差异，并且通过冰川循环和人类活动驱动的栖息地改变。

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