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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Rural Studies >Un/associated: Accounting for gender difference and farmer heterogeneity among Peruvian Sierra potato small farmers
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Un/associated: Accounting for gender difference and farmer heterogeneity among Peruvian Sierra potato small farmers

机译：联合国/联系方式：秘鲁塞拉帕托拉小农的性别差异和农民异质性核算

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Recognizing the challenges faced by small farmers, international institutions have encouraged national governments to foster the collective organization of small farmers and farmer membership through policy interventions that target rural populations, and more specifically 'women' and 'marginalized farmers'. Yet, access to membership continues to elude the most disadvantaged small farmers. Based on Peru's 2012 National Agricultural Census, we conduct a comparative analysis of small Peruvian potato farmers to identify the social markers that influence membership status. We conduct cross-group (women versus men) and intra-group (among women and among men) comparisons to tease out gender difference and farmer heterogeneity and the social markers that account for exclusion. We suggest that considering women and marginalized farmers as homogeneous and residual populations obscures the social markers that differentiate small farmers homogenizing women as a group and rendering some men and masculine gendered practices analytically invisible. This study contributes to the literature on gender and the collective organization of farmers by highlighting gender difference and farmer heterogeneity and points to gender-based inequality as well as other forms of inequality that influence the membership status. Our analysis shows that men comprise a larger proportion of potato farmers, yet the membership status of women and men is nearly equal and that associated women farmers hold the highest percentage of land titles while unassociated men hold the lowest. We also find a large number of districts without the presence of associated women potato farmers indicating the existence of gender-based spatial inequality. Our analysis of household composition points to the feminization of women farmer households due to the absence of male partners and a large presence of elderly women in comparison to men farmer households. Unlike for men, the presence of a partner and/or elderly household members has no effect on women's membership status. Similarly, the presence of girls (and not boys) under six years of age has a negative effect only for women's membership. We also find that for women, it is more important to have higher levels of education than men to participate in farmer organizations. Our intra-group comparisons indicate unassociated and associated women are differentiated based on a combination of social markers including education, economic and domestic partnership, language and land ownership. Overall, our analysis shows that while gender based inequality persists, there are other cross-cutting markers of social differentiation among women and men that influence farmer membership status.
机译：认识到小农面临的挑战，国际机构鼓励各国政府通过针对农村人口的政策干预措施促进小农和农民成员的集体组织，更具体地“女性”和“边缘化的农民”。然而，获得会员资格继续避开最不利地位的小农民。基于秘鲁2012年国家农业人口普查，对小秘鲁马铃薯农民进行了比较分析，以确定影响会员地位的社会标志。我们进行跨群（女性与男性）和集团内（妇女和男性）的内容比较，以挑剔性别差异和农民异质性以及被排除的社会标志。我们认为，考虑女性和边缘化的农民作为同质和剩余种群模糊了社会标志，使小农均匀化妇女作为一个团体，并使一些男性和男性的性别的性别做法进行了分析看不见。这项研究通过突出性别差异和农民异质性来促进性别和农民集体组织的文献，并指出基于性别的不平等以及影响成员地位的其他形式的不平等。我们的分析表明，男人占马铃薯农民比例较大，但妇女和男性的成员地位几乎相等，并且相关的女性农民占据最高百分比的土地标题，而无关联的男性持有最低的土地标题。如果没有相关的女性马铃薯农民，我们还会发现许多地区表明存在基于性别的空间不平等。我们对家庭成分的分析指向女性农户的女性化，由于缺乏男性合作伙伴以及与男性农户相比，老年妇女的大妇女。与男性不同，伴侣和/或老年家庭成员的存在对妇女的会员地位没有影响。同样，在六岁以下的女孩（而不是男孩）的存在仅对妇女的会员产生负面影响。我们还发现，对于女性来说，比男性更重要，比男人参加农民组织。我们的内部统计学比较表明，基于包括教育，经济和国内伙伴关系，语言和土地所有权的社会标志的组合，差异化和相关妇女。总体而言，我们的分析表明，虽然基于性别的不平等仍然存在，但有其他影响农民会员地位的妇女和男性社会分化的横切标记。

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