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首页> 外文期刊>American Journal of Physical Anthropology >The Obstetric Dilemma: An Ancient Game of Russian Roulette, or a Variable Dilemma Sensitive to Ecology?
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The Obstetric Dilemma: An Ancient Game of Russian Roulette, or a Variable Dilemma Sensitive to Ecology?

机译：产科困境：俄罗斯轮盘赌的古老游戏，还是对生态敏感的可变困境？

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摘要

The difficult birth process of humans, often described as the "obstetric dilemma," is commonly assumed to reflect antagonistic selective pressures favoring neonatal encephalization and maternal bipedal locomotion. However, cephalo-pelvic disproportion is not exclusive to humans, and is present in some primate species of smaller body size. The fossil record indicates mosaic evolution of the obstetric dilemma, involving a number of different evolutionary processes, and it appears to have shifted in magnitude between Australopithecus, Pleistocene Homo, and recent human populations. Most attention to date has focused on its generic nature, rather than on its variability between populations. We reevaluate the nature of the human obstetric dilemma using updated hominin and primate literature, and then consider the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to variability in its magnitude. Both maternal pelvic dimensions and fetal growth patterns are sensitive to ecological factors such as diet and the thermal environment. Neonatal head girth has low plasticity, whereas neonatal mass and maternal stature have higher plasticity. Secular trends in body size may therefore exacerbate or decrease the obstetric dilemma. The emergence of agriculture may have exacerbated the dilemma, by decreasing maternal stature and increasing neonatal growth and adiposity due to dietary shifts. Paleodemographic comparisons between foragers and agriculturalists suggest that foragers have considerably lower rates of perinatal mortality. In contemporary populations, maternal stature remains strongly associated with perinatal mortality in many populations. Long-term improvements in nutrition across future generations may relieve the dilemma, but in the meantime, variability in its magnitude is likely to persist. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 55:40-71, 2012.
机译：通常认为人类的难产过程通常被称为“产科困境”，以反映有利于新生儿脑病和母亲双足运动的拮抗选择性压力。但是，头盆骨比例失调并不是人类独有的，它存在于一些体型较小的灵长类动物中。化石记录表明，产科困境的马赛克演化涉及许多不同的演化过程，并且似乎在古猿，更新世人和最近的人类种群之间发生了大小变化。迄今为止，最受关注的是其通用性，而不是人群之间的变异性。我们使用最新的人类素和灵长类动物文献重新评估了人类产科困境的性质，然后考虑了表型可塑性对其幅度变异性的贡献。孕妇的骨盆尺寸和胎儿的生长方式都对饮食和热环境等生态因素敏感。新生儿的头围具有较低的可塑性，而新生儿的重量和产妇的身高具有较高的可塑性。因此，体型的长期趋势可能加剧或减轻产科的困境。农业的出现可能加剧了两难境地，其原因是母亲的身材下降，以及由于饮食变化而增加了新生儿的生长和肥胖。觅食者和农学家之间的古地理学比较表明，觅食者的围产期死亡率较低。在当代人群中，许多人群的产妇身高仍然与围产期死亡率密切相关。子孙后代营养的长期改善可能会缓解这一难题，但与此同时，其数量的变化可能会持续存在。 Yrbk Phys Anthropol 55：40-71，2012年。

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