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首页> 外文期刊>American journal of primatology >Ontogeny of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). I: Face and palate
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Ontogeny of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). I: Face and palate

机译：猩猩（Pongo pygmaeus）颅面性二态性的个体发育。 I：脸和上颚

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The orangutan is widely recognized as a highly dimorphic species. An ontogenetic approach to the study of sexual dimorphism can assist researchers in understanding both where and when these differences develop. In this study, 357 orangutans from Borneo were divided into five developmental stages representing infancy to mature adulthood. Three-dimensional (3D) coordinate data from 16 landmarks representing the face and palate were analyzed by means of a Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA), a quantitative method for the comparison of forms. Three separate analyses (an age-specific static comparison of forms, a sex-specific analysis of growth trajectories, and an intersex comparison of patterns of relative growth) were carried out with the intent to describe the rate, timing, magnitude, and pattern of growth in the orangutan face and palate. The results indicate that generally males and females share a similar, but not identical, pattern of growth or local form change, but differ in growth rate, timing, and magnitude of difference. Dimorphism in the face and palate can be localized in infancy and traced throughout all age intervals. Orangutan females grow slightly faster than males from infancy to adolescence, at which time male growth exceeds female growth. Female growth ceases with the advent of adulthood, while male growth continues (i.e., both the number and magnitude of the dimorphic dimensions increase). Males and females are similar in facial dimensions and growth related to the orbits, upper face, and palate width. They maintain these similarities throughout development. However, they differ in facial and nasal height, palate length, snout projection, depth of the nasopharynx, and hafting of the face onto the skull. The face broadens and the zygomatic bone flares dramatically in adult males, corresponding to the development of cheek pads. While growth patterns are similar between the two sexes, they differ in the lateral orbit, snout projection, and hafting of the face onto the cranium. Adult dimorphism is the result of growth patterns experienced throughout life, and it is not equally expressed across the cranium. An understanding of patterns of dimorphism, along with the magnitude of difference, may be helpful for interpreting dimorphism in the fossil record. (C) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
机译：猩猩被广泛认为是高度双态物种。研究性二态性的本体论方法可以帮助研究人员了解这些差异在何处以及何时形成。在这项研究中，来自婆罗洲的357只猩猩被分为五个发育阶段，分别代表了婴儿期到成年期。通过欧氏距离矩阵分析（EDMA）分析来自16个界标的代表面部和上颚的三维（3D）坐标数据，这是一种用于比较形式的定量方法。进行了三个单独的分析（形式的特定年龄的静态比较，生长轨迹的性别特定的分析以及相对生长方式的性别间的比较），目的是描述卵子的发生率，时间，幅度和模式。猩猩面部和上颚的生长。结果表明，一般来说，男性和女性具有相似但不完全相同的生长方式或局部形态变化，但生长速度，时机和差异程度不同。面部和上颚的双态性可以定位在婴儿期，并且可以追溯到所有年龄段。从婴儿期到青春期，猩猩的雌性生长速度略快于雄性，此时雄性生长速度超过雌性生长速度。随着成年的到来，女性的成长停止了，而男性的成长继续了（即，双态维度的数量和大小都增加了）。雄性和雌性的面部尺寸和成长与轨道，上脸和上颚宽度有关。他们在整个开发过程中保持这些相似性。但是，它们在面部和鼻子的高度，上颚的长度，口鼻部的投影，鼻咽的深度以及面部在颅骨上的附着感都不同。成年男性的面部变宽，the骨骨耀斑显着，与脸颊垫的发展相对应。尽管两性之间的生长方式相似，但它们在侧向轨道，口鼻部投影和面部在颅骨上的柄状化方面有所不同。成年双态性是一生中经历的生长方式的结果，并且在颅骨中表达不均。了解双态模式以及差异的大小可能有助于解释化石记录中的双态。 （C）2005 Wiley-Liss，Inc.

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