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首页> 外文期刊>Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung >Financing mechanisms for forest ecosystem services in Europe and their implications for forest governance.
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Financing mechanisms for forest ecosystem services in Europe and their implications for forest governance.

机译：欧洲森林生态系统服务的筹资机制及其对森林治理的影响。

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A range of forest ecosystem services have public good characteristics and are therefore difficult to market. In recent years, a number of new financing mechanisms are gaining importance. This paper studies forest ecosystem services from the perspective of innovation research. In order to analyse financing approaches, it uses a classification scheme, which includes pure public mechanisms (taxes and subsidies), mixed public-private mechanisms (public-private contracts and market creation), and pure private mechanisms (trade of goods and services, land purchase and land lease, eco-sponsoring, donations and certification). It gives an overview of their use throughout Europe, based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 26 European Union countries. In this questionnaire, representatives of governments and other stakeholders from forestry and nature conservation, are asked which financing mechanisms are most frequently used and which they propose. While governments rather propose taxes and subsidies, the non-governmental actors call for contracts or market creation. It is remarkable that they do not promote more strongly pure private mechanisms. Also forest owners' representatives rather rely on state activity than their own marketing efforts which indicates that non-wood forest ecosystem services are not seen as a business field. Applying an innovation system approach, the paper discusses the implications of the use of financing mechanisms for forest governance. We observe a paradoxical development regarding the roles of public institutions in forest governance: Although authorities increasingly use market-based instruments and partly retreat from advisory function, they gain more roles in the provision of forest ecosystem services. On the one hand, a stronger use of market-based instruments is part of the trend to a more explicit involvement of private actors into the governance of natural resources. On the other hand, public institutions receive new tasks in order to promote the development of private financing mechanisms as examples of innovations for providing ecosystem services. New tasks lie in the promotion and support of innovative activities in the sector but also in institutional innovations. The public policy instruments such as subsidies need improvement; the state is called for creating new market schemes; and public institutions have a role in supporting the forming of cooperative structures of land owners or across sectors. By this, the roles of public institutions definitely change: the traditional division of state and market spheres increasingly breaks up and new modes of governance appear in which the state involves private actors but at the same time takes over more responsibilities also in the development of markets.
机译：一系列森林生态系统服务具有公共利益特征，因此很难推向市场。近年来，许多新的融资机制变得越来越重要。本文从创新研究的角度研究了森林生态系统服务。为了分析融资方式，它使用一种分类方案，其中包括纯公共机制（税收和补贴），混合的公共-私人机制（公共-私人合同和市场创建）和纯私人机制（商品和服务贸易，土地购买和土地租赁，生态赞助，捐赠和认证）。根据在26个欧盟国家/地区进行的问卷调查，概述了它们在整个欧洲的使用。在本调查表中，询问了来自林业和自然保护区的政府和其他利益相关者的代表，以及最常使用哪种融资机制。尽管政府宁愿提议税收和补贴，但非政府行为体却要求签订合同或建立市场。值得注意的是，它们并没有促进更纯粹的私人机制。此外，森林所有者的代表更依赖于国家活动而不是他们自己的营销努力，这表明非木材森林生态系统服务不被视为商业领域。本文采用创新系统方法，讨论了使用融资机制进行森林治理的意义。我们观察到有关公共机构在森林治理中的作用的自相矛盾的发展：尽管当局越来越多地使用基于市场的工具并部分退出咨询职能，但它们在提供森林生态系统服务方面发挥了更多作用。一方面，更多地使用基于市场的手段是私人行为者更加明确地参与自然资源治理的趋势的一部分。另一方面，公共机构承担着新的任务，以促进私人融资机制的发展，以此作为提供生态系统服务的创新实例。新任务不仅在于促进和支持该部门的创新活动，还在于机构创新。补贴等公共政策工具需要改进;要求国家建立新的市场计划;公共机构在支持土地所有者或跨部门合作结构的形成中发挥作用。这样一来，公共机构的作用就必定发生了变化：传统的国家和市场领域的分工日益瓦解，出现了新的治理模式，在这种模式中，国家牵涉到私人行为者，但同时在市场发展中也承担了更多的责任。 。

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