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Animal consciousness: some historical perspective

机译：动物意识：一些历史观点

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A monodimensional understanding of both the past and the present has often characterized the historical background provided for scientific disciplines. It scans the past for the antecedents of the current cutting edge. But establishing such genealogical connections is difficult, even on the level of terminology. For example, neither "animal" nor "consciousness" has ever been defined without contention. The main current (and past) problem with the term "animal" is taxonomic does it include people ornot? and if so, are people included in only their physical aspect or in some more encompassing sense? An examination of 18th and 19th-century taxonomical treatments of the great apes shows how convictions and uncertainties on these issues were expressedthrough classification. With regard to "consciousness" the main problem has been whether that term refers to something shared by humans and other species. An examination of 19th-century attempts to claim that non-primates like the dog resembled humans more closely than did apes shows that this issue too reflects scientific as well as lay discomfort at the awkward proximity of other primates. A final problem with establishing scientific genealogies is that they often assume past consensus among expertson issues where there was actually intense disagreement, complicated by the difficulty of deciding who the experts actually were two or three centuries ago. None of these problems has completely disappeared even now.
机译：对过去和现在的单向理解常常是为科学学科提供历史背景的特征。它会扫描过去以查找当前最前沿的条件。但是，即使在术语层面上，建立这种谱系联系也是困难的。例如，从未对“动物”或“意识”进行过无争的定义。术语“动物”的当前（和过去）主要问题是分类学，它是否包括人？如果是的话，人们是仅在身体方面还是在更广泛的意义上被包括在内？对18世纪和19世纪大猿类生物分类学方法的研究表明，如何通过分类表达对这些问题的信念和不确定性。关于“意识”，主要问题是该术语是否指人类和其他物种共有的东西。对19世纪的研究试图声称像狗这样的非灵长类动物比猿类更像人类，这表明这个问题也反映出科学性以及对其他灵长类动物尴尬接近的不满。建立科学家谱的最后一个问题是，他们通常会在专家之间就过去曾在实际上存在严重分歧的问题上达成共识，而这又难于确定两三个世纪前的专家究竟是谁。即使到现在，这些问题都没有完全消失。

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