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首页> 外文期刊>International review of cytology >Extracellular matrix and sex-inducing pheromone in Volvox.
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Extracellular matrix and sex-inducing pheromone in Volvox.

机译：Volvox中的细胞外基质和诱导性信息素。

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During evolution of multicellularity it was imperative to create a complex, multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) out of the simple cell wall of a unicellular ancestor. The green alga Volvox represents one of the simplest multicellular organisms, but even so, it already has a highly developed ECM. This ECM is mainly composed of an assortment of glycoproteins, many of which are hydroxyproline rich and extensively sulfated. Several ECM proteins are cross-linked and might have only structural functions. However, the ECM does not represent a static but rather a dynamic and multifunctional interface between a cell and its neighboring cells or its environment. It not only provides protection and structural support for the shape of each cell and the organism as a whole, but also plays a broad range of biological roles in growth, development, reproduction, and responses to environmental stress or wounding. The variety of functions of the ECM requires many glycoproteins to do the work. To attain a high flexibility and adaptability, almost all ECM glycoproteins from Volvox consist of modules, defined as functional subunits that form modular mosaic proteins with an outstanding combinatorial potential. The ECM's functions are not only extensive but also change under developmental control or by environmental incidents. The changing scope of duties necessitates a permanent ECM turnover and remodeling. In Volvox carteri one particularly challenging trigger of such ECM modifications is a sex-inducing pheromone, which is one of the most potent biological effector molecules known: the glycoprotein pheromone is fully effective for inducing sexual development in males and females at concentrations as low as 10(-16) M. The earliest detectable response to the pheromone is the synthesis of ECM glycoproteins.
机译：在多细胞进化过程中，必须从单细胞祖先的简单细胞壁中创建复杂的多功能细胞外基质（ECM）。绿藻Volvox代表最简单的多细胞生物之一，但是即使如此，它已经具有高度发达的ECM。该ECM主要由各种糖蛋白组成，其中许多糖蛋白富含羟脯氨酸并被广泛硫酸化。几种ECM蛋白是交联的，可能仅具有结构功能。但是，ECM并不代表一个小区及其相邻小区或其环境之间的静态而是动态的多功能接口。它不仅为每个细胞和整个生物的形状提供保护和结构支持，而且在生长，发育，繁殖以及对环境压力或伤害的反应中起着广泛的生物学作用。 ECM的各种功能需要许多糖蛋白来完成这项工作。为了获得高度的灵活性和适应性，来自Volvox的几乎所有ECM糖蛋白均由模块组成，这些模块被定义为功能性亚基，可形成具有出色组合潜力的模块化镶嵌蛋白。 ECM的功能不仅广泛，而且在发展控制或环境事件的影响下也会发生变化。职责范围的不断变化需要永久的ECM营业额和改组。在Volvox Carteri中，这种ECM修饰的一个特别具有挑战性的触发因素是诱导性别的信息素，这是已知的最有效的生物效应分子之一：糖蛋白信息素在低至10的浓度下即可完全有效地诱导雄性和雌性的性发育。 （-16）M.对信息素的最早可检测到的反应是ECM糖蛋白的合成。

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