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Plant Protection with Plant Extracts (Botanicals): Background, Two Case Studies, Conclusions and Positioning

机译：植物提取物（植物药）对植物的保护：背景，两个案例研究，结论和定位

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Plant extracts (botanicals) are of special significance for plant protection, especially in organic farming. This is due to their origin, specific modes of action, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties as well as to ever changing legal, patent, economic and social/political issues. This paper surveys this complex background and presents data on two selected botanicals which pertain to the use of extract fractions from Glycyrrhiza glabra (sweet wood) for control of Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) in lettuce and azadirachtin for control of leafhoppers in Melissa officinalis L. Both compounds exhibited good effects in the greenhouse which were less pronounced or absent in the field. The effects of sweet wood were strongest when applied twice preventively at 5 % concentration. In the greenhouse, this resulted in a lower number of infected plants and smaller leaf areas attacked by the downy mildew pathogen at high disease pressure. Azadirachtin (plant protection chemical NeemAzalA (R)-T/S in combination with the additive Trifolio S-forte; 1.5 l/ha + 3 l/ha in 600 l water per hektar, 3 applications, interval 7 days) was better in controlling leaf hoppers than natural pyrethrins in combination with rapeseed oil (Spruzit Schadlingsfrei; 6 l/ha in 1,000 l water per hektar, 1 application) in the greenhouse and exhibited very high insecticidal efficacy almost equivalent to that of thiacloprid (Calypso 480 SC; 0.12 l/ha in 400 l water per hektar, 1 application) at moderate disease pressure. Thiacloprid, however, is not applicable in organic farming. In order to introduce these promising results in practical plant protection further fundamental studies are needed. These can only be realized by a joint effort of private companies, research and plant protection institutions, as well as public funding bodies. This article is not meant as a presentation of "perfect" results, it is rather an example of the problems and pitfalls that need to be overcome during development of a botanical and its applications. They are the reason why the market for botanicals will remain small.
机译：植物提取物（植物药）对植物保护特别是有机农业具有特殊意义。这是由于它们的起源，特定的作用方式，毒理学和生态毒理学特性以及不断变化的法律，专利，经济和社会/政治问题。本文调查了这一复杂的背景，并提供了两种精选植物药的数据，这些植物药的使用涉及从甘草中提取的馏分控制生菜中的Bremia lactucae（霜霉病）和印za素用于控制蜜蜂Mel的叶蝉。两种化合物在温室中均表现出良好的效果，而在田间则不太明显或不存在。当在5％的浓度下两次预防性施用时，甜木的效果最强。在温室中，这导致在较高的病害压力下，霜霉病菌侵袭的植物数量减少，叶片面积减小。印za素（植物保护化学NeemAzalA（R）-T / S与添加剂Trifolio S-forte的组合;每升每百升600升水中1.5 l / ha + 3 l / ha，3次施用，间隔7天）在控制上效果更好在温室中比天然除虫菊酯与菜籽油（Spruzit Schadlingsfrei; 6升/公顷，每1000升水的六升/公顷，1次施用）结合的叶蝉，其杀虫功效几乎与噻虫啉（Calypso 480 SC; 0.12升）相当/ ha在中等疾病压力下，每hektar用400升水，1次施用）。然而，噻虫啉不适用于有机农业。为了在实用的植物保护中引入这些有希望的结果，需要进一步的基础研究。只有私营公司，研究和植物保护机构以及公共资助机构共同努力才能实现这些目标。本文并不表示“完美”的结果，它只是植物药及其应用开发过程中需要克服的问题和陷阱的一个示例。这就是为什么植物药市场仍然很小的原因。

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