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首页> 外文期刊>Cahiers Agricultures >Amenagement hydraulique et conflits agropastoraux - Analyse spatio-temporelle en zone Office du Niger (Mali)Spatio-temporal analysis of the relations between crop and animal productions in the Office du Niger area (Mali)
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Amenagement hydraulique et conflits agropastoraux - Analyse spatio-temporelle en zone Office du Niger (Mali)Spatio-temporal analysis of the relations between crop and animal productions in the Office du Niger area (Mali)

机译：水力开发和农牧冲突-分析尼日尔办事处（马里）的时空区域尼日尔办事处地区（马里）作物与动物生产之间的时空分析

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The future of African pastoral societies appears to depend on the relations between crop and animal productions. From the Sahel to the Soudano-Guinean zone, the agricultural space is densifying and spreading, while livestock transhumance is getting increasingly sedentary, thus leading to a covering of pastoral and agricultural surfaces. The complexity of relationships arising from the large number of actors, the diversity of the resources and the vast territories involved in the cattle-breeding systems throughout the various seasons, render their study difficult. This complexity requires analysis on a relevant scale and taking into account the different ways of using the territory. In the Office of Niger area (Mali), the cohabitation between intensive rice-growing and extensive breeding systems is increasingly difficult. The conflicts between farmers and breeders increase all the more as one can observe a renewal of interest with respect to breeding on behalf of the rice growers who choose to preferentially invest in bovines because of the multiple advantages thus offered. Conversely, the Peuls, victims of the drought, have lost most of their livestock and they must now hire themselves out to the new cattle-owners in order to reconstitute their herds. This social redistribution of the cattle, combined with an overlapping of the agricultural and pastoral calendars partly caused by a shortening of the rain season, lead to new but ill-aclapted breeding practices. Indeed, in addition to the conflicts which are increasing, the settling of breeding contributes to concentrate the bovines on certain pasture areas close to the rice trays, which implies an overgrazing and a degradation of the herbaceous cover. However, thanks to the recent decentralisation process engaged in Mali, the populations, through their new communal elected officials, have the possibility to mobilize in order to find adapted solutions. Such is the case of the commune of Kala Siguida which encompasses 16 villages in an area of approximately 800 km2 including both agricultural lands in the east (rice growing on racks, rice growing off racks, extensive millet crops) and pasture lands in the west. In this space, lives a mix of actors belonging to different ethnic groups : Peul shepherds from the commune, the majority of whom are paid a salary and are without herds, transhumant Peuls, and farmers. So, within the context of the ongoing decentralisation process, the commune of Kala Siguida set up a convention for managing agropastoral resources in order to solve the conflicts and preserve its resources in a sustainable way from both the agronomic and social points of view. The main resolution in particular consists in strictly abiding by the dates set for entering and exiting the rice trays at the time of the dry season. In spite of everything, this charter remains insufficient and requires other supporting measures to be taken. Thus, to make the clauses of this charter applicable and sustainable, it appears necessary to launch certain concrete actions in which the URDOC decided to participate. A cartographic inventory of the pastoral resources such as ponds and wells, an evaluation of the pasture lands as well as the knowledge of the logic and dynamics of cattle moves reveal mainly two things : first of all the areas whose management is currently harmful, and second, the mechanisms leading to a conflict between farmers and Peul shepherds which in turn has perverse effects on the land. The judicious installation of pastoral perimeters managed by autonomous groupings of stockbreeders could constitute a valid option as it would in fact make it possible for various actors to get together to see to the management of one or more arranged water spots to the benefit of all parties.
机译：非洲牧民社会的未来似乎取决于作物与动物生产之间的关系。从萨赫勒地区到苏达诺-几内亚地区，农业空间正在密集和扩散，而牲畜的超牲畜越来越久坐，从而导致牧草和农业面积的覆盖。由于各个季节的牛繁育系统涉及的参与者众多，资源的多样性和地域广阔，关系的复杂性使其研究变得困难。这种复杂性要求进行相关规模的分析，并考虑使用领土的不同方式。在尼日尔（马里）尼日尔办事处，集约化水稻种植和广泛育种系统之间的同居越来越困难。农民和育种者之间的冲突更加加剧，因为人们可以代表代表着优先选择对牛进行投资的稻米种植者对育种产生新的兴趣，因为这样提供了多重优势。相反，遭受干旱破坏的Peuls失去了大部分牲畜，他们现在必须将自己雇用给新的牛主，以重建其牛群。牛的这种社会重新分配，加上部分由于雨季缩短而造成的农业和牧民日历的重叠，导致了新的但不适合的繁殖方法。的确，除了不断增加的冲突之外，繁殖的解决还有助于将牛集中在靠近稻谷盘的某些牧场上，这意味着过度放牧和草皮的退化。但是，由于最近在马里进行的权力下放进程，人民通过其新的社区当选官员，有可能动员起来，以找到适应的解决方案。卡拉·西吉达（Kala Siguida）的公社就是这样，该公社包括面积约800平方公里的16个村庄，包括东部的农业用地（棚架上种植水稻，棚架上种植水稻，广泛的谷类作物）和西部的牧场。在这个空间中，生活着各种不同族裔的演员：公社里的Peul牧羊人，其中大多数人领薪水，没有牧群，超人的Peuls和农民。因此，在正在进行的权力下放过程中，卡拉·西吉达公社制定了一项管理农牧业资源的公约，以便从农艺和社会角度解决冲突并以可持续的方式保护其资源。主要解决方案尤其包括严格遵守在干燥季节进入和退出稻谷托盘的日期。尽管如此，该章程仍然不足，需要采取其他支持措施。因此，为了使本章程的条款适用和可持续，似乎有必要启动URDOC决定参加的某些具体行动。对诸如池塘和水井之类的牧场资源进行制图，对牧场进行评估以及对牛群移动的逻辑和动态的了解主要揭示了两件事：首先是目前对其管理有害的地区;其次，这种机制导致农民与Peul牧羊人之间发生冲突，进而对土地产生不良影响。由牧民自治团体管理的牧区的明智安装可能是一个有效的选择，因为事实上这将使各个参与者聚集在一起，共同管理一个或多个已安排的水域，使各方受益。

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