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Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus natural history and conservation

机译：安第斯熊Tremarctos ornatus的自然历史和保护

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摘要

1 A wealth of information has been generated for the Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus during the past four decades, and a thorough review of the species' natural history, ecology and conservation is provided here. 2 The Andean bear is the only remaining bear species in South America. Evolutionarily, it is the youngest of all ursids and the only remnant taxon within the subfamily Tremarctinae. The species is distributed throughout the Andes mountain range from Venezuela to Bolivia, but the limits of its current and past range are uncertain. 3 The species is polyestrous, capable of delayed implantation and a facultative seasonal breeder. Genetic information is scarce, and species-specific markers need to be developed for a more appropriate assessment of the genetic structure of wild populations. 4 Andean bears inhabit a wide variety of habitats across the Andes including different forest types and high-elevation grasslands. They are omnivorous with a frugivorous/folivorous emphasis that is reflected by adaptations of the typical tremarctine mandible. 5 Andean bears are vulnerable to extinction due to land conversion and poaching. Efforts have been made to protect them, but threats have not been reduced significantly. Therefore, the species is expected to move faster towards extinction than any other carnivore in the region.
机译：1在过去的四十年中，已经为安第斯熊Tremarctos ornatus收集了丰富的信息，并在此提供了对该物种的自然历史，生态学和保护的全面回顾。 2安第斯熊是南美仅有的仅存的熊种。从进化上讲，它是所有ursids中最年轻的一个，也是Tremarctinae家族中唯一的残余分类群。该物种分布在从委内瑞拉到玻利维亚的整个安第斯山脉，但目前和过去的范围尚不确定。 3该种是多雌性，能够延迟植入，是季节性的繁殖者。遗传信息稀缺，需要开发特定物种的标记，以更适当地评估野生种群的遗传结构。 4安第斯熊在安第斯山脉上栖息着各种各样的栖息地，包括不同的森林类型和高海拔的草原。它们杂食性，有杂食性/果味性，这是典型的海马c下颌的改型所反映的。 5安第斯熊由于土地流转和偷猎而容易灭绝。已经尽力保护它们，但是威胁并未得到明显减少。因此，预计该物种将比该地区的其他食肉动物更快地走向灭绝。

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