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Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis andtheir ability to modify ecosystems

机译：海狸蓖麻纤维和加拿大蓖麻的生态影响及其对生态系统的改造能力

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摘要

The genus Castor comprises two species: the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber, and the North American beaver Castor canadensis. Both species suffered from overexploitation, but have seen a revival since the 1920s due to increased protection and reintroduction programmes. Increases in the populations and distributions of species that are able to modify ecosystems have generated much scientific interest. Here we review the available literature concerning the possible ecological impact of beaver species in the Old and New World. Beavers, being ecosystem engineers, are among the few species besides humans that can significantly change the geomorphology, and consequently the hydrological characteristics and biotic properties of the landscape. In so doing, beavers increase heterogeneity, and habitat and species diversity at the landscape scale. Beaver foraging also has a considerable impact on the course of ecological succession, species composition and structure of plant communities, making them a good example of ecologically dominant species (e.g. keystone species). Nevertheless, the strength of beavers' impact varies from site to site, depending on the geographical location, relief and the impounded habitat type. Consequently, they may not be significant controlling agents of the ecosystem in all parts of their distribution, but have strong interactions only under certain circumstances. We suggest that beavers can create important management opportunities in the Holarctic, and this review will help land managers determine the likely outcome of beaver activity.
机译：蓖麻属包括两个物种：欧亚海狸蓖麻纤维和北美海狸蓖麻加拿大。两种物种都遭受过度开发，但由于增加了保护和重新引进计划，自1920年代以来已开始复苏。能够改变生态系统的物种的种群数量和分布的增加引起了很多科学兴趣。在这里，我们回顾了有关旧世界和新世界中海狸物种可能的生态影响的现有文献。海狸是生态系统的工程师，是除了人类之外极少数能够显着改变地貌，进而显着改变景观水文特征和生物特性的物种。这样一来，海狸在景观尺度上增加了异质性以及栖息地和物种多样性。海狸觅食对生态演替，物种组成和植物群落结构也有相当大的影响，使其成为生态优势物种（例如基石物种）的典范。但是，海狸的撞击强度因地点而异，具体取决于地理位置，地形和所围困的栖息地类型。因此，它们在其分布的所有部分可能不是生态系统的重要控制者，但仅在某些情况下才具有强大的相互作用。我们建议海狸可以在Holarctic中创造重要的管理机会，而这项审查将有助于土地管理者确定海狸活动的可能结果。

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