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首页> 外文期刊>Mammal Review >Facultative predation and scavenging by mammalian carnivores: seasonal, regional and intra-guild comparisons
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Facultative predation and scavenging by mammalian carnivores: seasonal, regional and intra-guild comparisons

机译：哺乳动物食肉动物的兼性捕食和清除：季节性，区域和行内比较

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The extent to which vertebrate carnivores shift facultatively between predation and scavenging has recently been emphasized. Potentially, all carnivores have to do is wait until animals succumb to the debilitating effects of advancing age. However, this may be insufficient because of intense competition among other scavengers and decomposers for food. Moreover, the availability of carcasses of animals dying from causes other than predation varies seasonally, so carnivores must be adapted to exploit various sources of food through the seasonal cycle. We explore how mammalian carnivores cope with seasonality in carrion supply and in prey vulnerability to predation. We focus mainly on large carnivores and ungulates, and compare especially ecological communities in northern temperate and African savanna ecosystems. When carrion is scarce, carnivores can (i) take advantage of temporarily vulnerable segments of prey populations, such as newborn young, heavily pregnant females and males distracted or debilitated by reproduction, (ii) switch to carcass remains left by or stolen from other carnivores, or (iii) exploit small animals and non-animal food sources. Relationships between carnivores tending towards predation or scavenging can be both competitive and facilitative. Top carnivores may provide a supply of carcasses throughout the year, which subsidizes scavengers when carrion availability from other sources is low. Alterations of seasonal patterns due to anthropogenic environmental change may enhance the role of top carnivores as buffers of anthropogenic perturbations of natural processes. Megaherbivores, which are not normally regarded as prey but can provide huge carrion subsidies, may strongly influence interspecific interactions between carnivores and the proportion of food flowing towards scavenging relative to predation. Relationships among carnivores based on hunting vs. scavenging strategies are flexible and subject to changes in response to circumstances. Their functional complexity is relevant for assessing the effects of global change on ecosystem function.
机译：最近强调了脊椎动物食肉动物在捕食和清除之间可随意转移的程度。潜在地，所有食肉动物所要做的就是等到动物屈服于不断衰老的衰弱影响。但是，由于其他拾荒者和分解者之间对食物的激烈竞争，这可能是不够的。此外，死于非掠食性原因的动物尸体的可获得性随季节变化，因此必须适应食肉动物在整个季节周期中利用各种食物来源。我们探索哺乳动物食肉动物如何应对腐肉供应的季节性和猎物对捕食的脆弱性。我们主要关注大型食肉动物和有蹄类动物，特别是比较北部温带和非洲热带稀树草原生态系统中的生态群落。当腐肉稀缺时，食肉动物可以（i）利用暂时脆弱的猎物群体，例如年轻的，重度怀孕的雌性和雄性因繁殖而分心或虚弱的动物;（ii）改用其他食肉动物留下的或遗失的remains体，或（iii）开发小型动物和非动物性食物。倾向于捕食或清除的食肉动物之间的关系可以是竞争性的，也可以是促进性的。顶级食肉动物全年可能会提供尸体供应，当其他来源的食腐动物供应不足时，这将为食腐动物提供补贴。由于人为环境变化引起的季节性变化可能会增强食肉动物作为自然过程人为干扰的缓冲剂的作用。大型食草动物通常不被视为猎物，但可以提供巨大的腐肉补贴，可能会强烈影响食肉动物之间的种间相互作用以及相对于捕食者流向清除的食物比例。基于狩猎与清除策略的食肉动物之间的关系是灵活的，并且会根据情况的变化而变化。它们的功能复杂性与评估全球变化对生态系统功能的影响有关。

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