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Impact of national context and culture on curriculum change: A case study

机译：国家背景和文化对课程变革的影响：一个案例研究

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Background: Earlier studies suggested national culture to be a potential barrier to curriculum reform in medical schools. In particular, Hofstede's cultural dimension 'uncertainty avoidance' had a significant negative relationship with the implementation rate of integrated curricula. Aims: However, some schools succeeded to adopt curriculum changes despite their country's strong uncertainty avoidance. This raised the question: 'How did those schools overcome the barrier of uncertainty avoidance?' Method: Austria offered the combination of a high uncertainty avoidance score and integrated curricula in all its medical schools. Twenty-seven key change agents in four medical universities were interviewed and transcripts analysed using thematic cross-case analysis. Results: Initially, strict national laws and limited autonomy of schools inhibited innovation and fostered an 'excuse culture': 'It's not our fault. It is the ministry's'. A new law increasing university autonomy stimulated reforms. However, just this law would have been insufficient as many faculty still sought to avoid change. A strong need for change, supportive and continuous leadership, and visionary change agents were also deemed essential. Conclusions: In societies with strong uncertainty avoidance strict legislation may enforce resistance to curriculum change. In those countries opposition by faculty can be overcome if national legislation encourages change, provided additional internal factors support the change process.
机译：背景：较早的研究表明，民族文化是医学学校课程改革的潜在障碍。特别是，霍夫斯泰德的文化维度“避免不确定性”与综合课程的实施率有着显着的消极关系。目的：但是，尽管他们的国家强烈避免不确定性，但一些学校还是成功采用了课程变更。这就提出了一个问题：“那些学校如何克服了避免不确定性的障碍？”方法：奥地利在其所有医学院校中都提供了高不确定性回避评分和综合课程的结合。采访了四所医科大学的27名关键变革推动者，并使用跨主题专题分析法对成绩单进行了分析。结果：最初，严格的国家法律和有限的学校自主权抑制了创新并培育了“借口文化”：“这不是我们的错。这是卫生部的。一项新的法律增加了大学的自主权，促进了改革。但是，仅此法则是不够的，因为许多教师仍在努力避免更改。变革的强烈需求，支持和持续的领导以及有远见的变革推动者也被认为是必不可少的。结论：在具有强烈不确定性回避的社会中，严格的立法可能会迫使人们抵制课程改革。在这些国家中，如果国家立法鼓励变革，只要其他内部因素支持变革过程，就可以克服教师的反对。

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